一篇文章除了有主题思想以外，还必须有一些具体的内容用来说明、理解、证明或分析文章的主题，这些具体的内容就是文章的细节。在阅读理解测试中，大多数考题是针对这些细节而设计的，目的在于考查考生对组成文章的主体部分的理解程度。因此，在掌握文章主旨大意的基础上，还要抓住阐述和发展主题思想的主要事实或有关细节，领会文章的内在联系。文章主旨的事实或细节是主题的补充说明，也是加强主题的要素。一般情况下，说明主题的排列方式采用：因果关系、对比关系、简单列举、时间顺序或依据事件之重要性等。
为了准确地捕捉到辅助、支撑主题思想所需要的信息，在阅读中应注意：
1.中心内容和具体内容的关系是辩证的，只有抓住文章的主要内容才能确定有关具体内容的准确位置。同样，如果对文章具体内容有较为全面的理解，就能更好地判明文章的主题。
2.文章的细节，即某个具体事实并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，相同性质的事实总会在一起出现。
3.看懂文章的组织结构对迅速捕捉到所需要的信息也同样起着重要的作用。
这类题型的特点及解题技巧可以从以下几节中得以详细论述。
了解其命题及结构形式，对解题起到事半功倍的作用。
第一节 命 题 方 式
针对阐述主旨的事实和有关细节提问的题型有一个特点，即：所提问题一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案。故解题原则是：提倡“本本主义”，以短文为唯一的解题依据，决不可想当然地跟着感觉走。
这类题型提问的方式通常为：
1.According to the passage, who (what, where, which, when, why, how, etc. )…?
2.Which of the following is true? correct?
3.Which of the following is false? incorrect? unusual? not included?
4.All of the following are (not) true, are (not) mentioned except .
5.The author mentions all of the items listed below the following except .
6. The author (the writer) tates that .
还可以举出很多这类试题用语，但不管是哪种形式，它们拥有一个共同点：都属于正误选择，无论是三错一对，还是三对一错。解题时可采用“对号入座”的办法，带着问题去阅读文章，找到解题范围后应立即排除明显的干扰项。然后采用“层层剥笋”的方式对余下的三、两个选择项筛选，使选择的范围越缩越小，判断问题的准确率越来越高。
第二节 词语和句型上的转换
虽然细节题在文章中能够找到答案，但正确选项不可能与阅读材料的原句一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的思想，如同是表示否定，可以用not clever,也可以用fool，或是averagely intelligent。命题人命题时就是利用这种手法造成与原作者在选词和句型结构上不同，但意义与原文相同。也就是说原文中作者表达具体事实和细节的信息值与问题的信息值虽然在选词和句法上不同，但表达相同意义。
例1 (1996年考题第2篇55题)
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of &83 per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years-yet the BBC’S future is now in doubt. The corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The world famous BBC now faces
［A］ the problem of news coverage
［B］ an uncertain prospect
［C］ inquiries by the general public
［D］ shrinkage of audience
本题询问“世界著名的英国广播公司(BBC)现在正面临着的问题是什么”。原文第三段指出，英国广播公司已有70多年的光辉历程，然而其前景不明(yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt)。
选项B中的“prospect”与原文的“future”是同义；“uncertain又与原文的“in doubt”概念相同。因此，可以说该问题+正确选项=原文所表达的信息值。
例2 (1996年考题第3篇60题)
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “ shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
［A］ the separation of capital from management
［B］ the ownership of capital by managers
［C］ the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
［D］ the participation of shareholders in municipal business
本题要求句型转换，详解请参照本篇概论部分关于解题方法一讲。
例3 (1995年考题第4篇)
Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the `win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: `Rejoice, we conquer!’
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. it is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually .
［A］ impatient
［B］ considerate
［C］aggressive
［D］agreeable
64.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because .
［A］the pressure is too great on the students
［B］some students are bound to fail
［C］failure rates are too high
［D］the results of examinations are doubtful
65.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on .
［A］candidates’ sensitivity
［B］academic achievements
［C］competitive spirit
［D］surer values
63.短文前三段都提到A型性格的人由于在竞争的环境中成长(如：家庭、学校)，形成了他们争强好胜的性格特征。第二段第三句讲“The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-tyte fellows.”作者直接用“competitive”一词来描述A型性格的人。在此，“competitive”与选项C “aggressive”(好斗的)表达相同的思想，故答案为C项。
64.本题询问“作者为什么反对学校对学生进行考试”。短文第三段指出：学校中最不可取的竞争方式就是极力强调考试，很少有学校能让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。从最后一句“The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful”可以看出选项B“some students are bound to fail”是正确答案。作者非常强烈地反对学校考试，因为有些学生肯定不会及格。B项中的are bound to与文中的“positively”相对应。
65.答案可以在短文最后一段寻找。作者强调：如果学校不过多地注重于学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西；“perhaps selection for caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy”从这些描述中我们得知，学校很注重学习结果；医学专业人才的选择目前还是以学习成绩为主要依据。选项B“academic achievements”与原文的“good grades”概念一致。因此，B项为正确答案。
避免在试题中使用与短文相同的词语或句型可以提高试题的难度。这种题型属常考范畴，学会这种转换可以提高解题速度及命中率。
第三节 排除式结构
在考研阅读理解题中，我们会经常遇到排除式题型，其形式要求考生排除短文的已知信息，找到短文未阐述的内容，这个未提及的内容就是该题的答案。
求解这类题型，可以采用这种阅读方式：
1.仔细阅读四个选项，牢记各个选项所述的不同内容，即：带着选项的内容去阅读短文。
2.只要在原文中遇到与选择项相同的信息，马上在这些信息下划线，以示作为排除的内容。
3.在排除了三项与原文有关的内容之后，所剩选择项即是正确答案，也就是说：所剩选择项的内容在原文中找不到相应信息。
例1(1996年专题第3篇63题)
The “ shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .
［A］ the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
［B］ the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
［C］ the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
［D］ the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
该题为典型的细节题，属于正误选择，要求利用排除法。选项A的内容“股东不了解工人的需求”体现在原文的第一句“The sharehaders’ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company ……”。选项B的内容“公司的老板更了解自己的工人”在原文第二句“The paid manager …, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away。”(公司拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。)选项D的信息在原文第四句有所反映“……，the increasing power and organization of the trade unions …, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the menagers of the companies who employed them.”(…，工会与日俱增的力量使工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐…)，从中可以得出：工会似乎起着“a positive role”。只有选项C“有限公司太大以至于很难运转”的信息在原文中未涉及，故这一未提到的信息是正确选项。
例2(1995年考题第1篇52题)
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
In the passage, which of the following is NOT in the advantages of advertising?
［A］ Securing greater fame
［B］ Providing more jobs
［C］Enhancing living standards
［D］Reducing newspaper cost.
本段文章历数广告所带来的益处，而提问的问题却是：哪一项不在短文中所例举的广告所带来的益处之内。阅读原文我们知道：广告可以“raise standards of living”;“ensures an increased need for labor”;“lowers the costs of many services”。由此可以看出，选项B、C、D的内容都已在原文中表述出来，只有A项“取得更大的知名度”原文并未提到，这种内容是命题人编造的。这种命题人编造的内容或事实又恰恰是这种排除式题所要求解的正确答案。
第四节 长句句法结构
为了提高阅读理解试题的难度，命题人就“事实与细节”命题时，也经常是针对句子结构比较复杂的长句来设计问题。遇到这种情况，考生首先要找出句中的主干成分，分清次要成分，如：定语、状语、插入语等；然后对照选项来进行选择，判断该问题+正确选项能否准确地表达原句的信息值。
例1 (1996年考题第3篇59题)
In the last half of the nineteenth century “ capital” and “labor” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
It’s true of the old family firms that .
［A］ they were spoiled by the younger generations
［B］ they failed for lack of individual initiative
［C］ they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
［D］ they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
本题解题依据在文中第二、三句。第二句提出“许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经营的有限公司所取代”，而第三句叙述“这一变化通过一大批专业人员使用适应了新时代技术的要求，防止效率下降。而效率下降使许多老家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛”。该句是一个并列句，即：“The change met the technical requirements of the new age …… and (the change)prevented the decline in efficiency …”，在前一个句中“by”短语作方式状语；在后一个句中关系代词“that”引导定语从句，其先行词为“efficiency”。为此，解题范围可以压缩到“many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company …. The change … prevented the decline in efficiency …”。言外之意 “limited liability company”(即modern company)代替“old family firms”是为防止“the decline in efficiency”。故而正确答案为C项。
例2 (1996年考题第5篇 68题)
The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected move Christian behavior.
Kitcher’s book is intended to .
［A］ recommend the views of the evolutionists
［B］ expose the true features of creationists
［C］ curse bitterly at this opponents
［D］ launch a surprise attack on creationists
该题解题范围在文中第三句，即：“He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise”，本句是个并列句，连词“and”连接前后两个句子，在后一个句子当中，主语是“the extent … and distortion”；“may come”作这两个并列成分的谓语；介词短语“for those …”作状语。全句的句意为：“他描述了他们的纲领及骗人手段，对那些不了解他们把戏的人来讲，他们的欺骗程度和歪曲程度会令人感到吃惊和厌恶”。正确答案为B项。
为了准确地捕捉到辅助、支撑主题思想所需要的信息，在阅读中应注意：
1.中心内容和具体内容的关系是辩证的，只有抓住文章的主要内容才能确定有关具体内容的准确位置。同样，如果对文章具体内容有较为全面的理解，就能更好地判明文章的主题。
2.文章的细节，即某个具体事实并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，相同性质的事实总会在一起出现。
3.看懂文章的组织结构对迅速捕捉到所需要的信息也同样起着重要的作用。
这类题型的特点及解题技巧可以从以下几节中得以详细论述。
了解其命题及结构形式，对解题起到事半功倍的作用。
第一节 命 题 方 式
针对阐述主旨的事实和有关细节提问的题型有一个特点，即：所提问题一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案。故解题原则是：提倡“本本主义”，以短文为唯一的解题依据，决不可想当然地跟着感觉走。
这类题型提问的方式通常为：
1.According to the passage, who (what, where, which, when, why, how, etc. )…?
2.Which of the following is true? correct?
3.Which of the following is false? incorrect? unusual? not included?
4.All of the following are (not) true, are (not) mentioned except .
5.The author mentions all of the items listed below the following except .
6. The author (the writer) tates that .
还可以举出很多这类试题用语，但不管是哪种形式，它们拥有一个共同点：都属于正误选择，无论是三错一对，还是三对一错。解题时可采用“对号入座”的办法，带着问题去阅读文章，找到解题范围后应立即排除明显的干扰项。然后采用“层层剥笋”的方式对余下的三、两个选择项筛选，使选择的范围越缩越小，判断问题的准确率越来越高。
第二节 词语和句型上的转换
虽然细节题在文章中能够找到答案，但正确选项不可能与阅读材料的原句一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的思想，如同是表示否定，可以用not clever,也可以用fool，或是averagely intelligent。命题人命题时就是利用这种手法造成与原作者在选词和句型结构上不同，但意义与原文相同。也就是说原文中作者表达具体事实和细节的信息值与问题的信息值虽然在选词和句法上不同，但表达相同意义。
例1 (1996年考题第2篇55题)
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of &83 per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years-yet the BBC’S future is now in doubt. The corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The world famous BBC now faces
［A］ the problem of news coverage
［B］ an uncertain prospect
［C］ inquiries by the general public
［D］ shrinkage of audience
本题询问“世界著名的英国广播公司(BBC)现在正面临着的问题是什么”。原文第三段指出，英国广播公司已有70多年的光辉历程，然而其前景不明(yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt)。
选项B中的“prospect”与原文的“future”是同义；“uncertain又与原文的“in doubt”概念相同。因此，可以说该问题+正确选项=原文所表达的信息值。
例2 (1996年考题第3篇60题)
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “ shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
［A］ the separation of capital from management
［B］ the ownership of capital by managers
［C］ the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
［D］ the participation of shareholders in municipal business
本题要求句型转换，详解请参照本篇概论部分关于解题方法一讲。
例3 (1995年考题第4篇)
Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the `win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: `Rejoice, we conquer!’
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. it is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually .
［A］ impatient
［B］ considerate
［C］aggressive
［D］agreeable
64.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because .
［A］the pressure is too great on the students
［B］some students are bound to fail
［C］failure rates are too high
［D］the results of examinations are doubtful
65.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on .
［A］candidates’ sensitivity
［B］academic achievements
［C］competitive spirit
［D］surer values
63.短文前三段都提到A型性格的人由于在竞争的环境中成长(如：家庭、学校)，形成了他们争强好胜的性格特征。第二段第三句讲“The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-tyte fellows.”作者直接用“competitive”一词来描述A型性格的人。在此，“competitive”与选项C “aggressive”(好斗的)表达相同的思想，故答案为C项。
64.本题询问“作者为什么反对学校对学生进行考试”。短文第三段指出：学校中最不可取的竞争方式就是极力强调考试，很少有学校能让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。从最后一句“The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful”可以看出选项B“some students are bound to fail”是正确答案。作者非常强烈地反对学校考试，因为有些学生肯定不会及格。B项中的are bound to与文中的“positively”相对应。
65.答案可以在短文最后一段寻找。作者强调：如果学校不过多地注重于学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西；“perhaps selection for caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy”从这些描述中我们得知，学校很注重学习结果；医学专业人才的选择目前还是以学习成绩为主要依据。选项B“academic achievements”与原文的“good grades”概念一致。因此，B项为正确答案。
避免在试题中使用与短文相同的词语或句型可以提高试题的难度。这种题型属常考范畴，学会这种转换可以提高解题速度及命中率。
第三节 排除式结构
在考研阅读理解题中，我们会经常遇到排除式题型，其形式要求考生排除短文的已知信息，找到短文未阐述的内容，这个未提及的内容就是该题的答案。
求解这类题型，可以采用这种阅读方式：
1.仔细阅读四个选项，牢记各个选项所述的不同内容，即：带着选项的内容去阅读短文。
2.只要在原文中遇到与选择项相同的信息，马上在这些信息下划线，以示作为排除的内容。
3.在排除了三项与原文有关的内容之后，所剩选择项即是正确答案，也就是说：所剩选择项的内容在原文中找不到相应信息。
例1(1996年专题第3篇63题)
The “ shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .
［A］ the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
［B］ the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
［C］ the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
［D］ the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
该题为典型的细节题，属于正误选择，要求利用排除法。选项A的内容“股东不了解工人的需求”体现在原文的第一句“The sharehaders’ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company ……”。选项B的内容“公司的老板更了解自己的工人”在原文第二句“The paid manager …, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away。”(公司拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。)选项D的信息在原文第四句有所反映“……，the increasing power and organization of the trade unions …, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the menagers of the companies who employed them.”(…，工会与日俱增的力量使工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐…)，从中可以得出：工会似乎起着“a positive role”。只有选项C“有限公司太大以至于很难运转”的信息在原文中未涉及，故这一未提到的信息是正确选项。
例2(1995年考题第1篇52题)
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
In the passage, which of the following is NOT in the advantages of advertising?
［A］ Securing greater fame
［B］ Providing more jobs
［C］Enhancing living standards
［D］Reducing newspaper cost.
本段文章历数广告所带来的益处，而提问的问题却是：哪一项不在短文中所例举的广告所带来的益处之内。阅读原文我们知道：广告可以“raise standards of living”;“ensures an increased need for labor”;“lowers the costs of many services”。由此可以看出，选项B、C、D的内容都已在原文中表述出来，只有A项“取得更大的知名度”原文并未提到，这种内容是命题人编造的。这种命题人编造的内容或事实又恰恰是这种排除式题所要求解的正确答案。
第四节 长句句法结构
为了提高阅读理解试题的难度，命题人就“事实与细节”命题时，也经常是针对句子结构比较复杂的长句来设计问题。遇到这种情况，考生首先要找出句中的主干成分，分清次要成分，如：定语、状语、插入语等；然后对照选项来进行选择，判断该问题+正确选项能否准确地表达原句的信息值。
例1 (1996年考题第3篇59题)
In the last half of the nineteenth century “ capital” and “labor” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
It’s true of the old family firms that .
［A］ they were spoiled by the younger generations
［B］ they failed for lack of individual initiative
［C］ they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
［D］ they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
本题解题依据在文中第二、三句。第二句提出“许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经营的有限公司所取代”，而第三句叙述“这一变化通过一大批专业人员使用适应了新时代技术的要求，防止效率下降。而效率下降使许多老家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛”。该句是一个并列句，即：“The change met the technical requirements of the new age …… and (the change)prevented the decline in efficiency …”，在前一个句中“by”短语作方式状语；在后一个句中关系代词“that”引导定语从句，其先行词为“efficiency”。为此，解题范围可以压缩到“many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company …. The change … prevented the decline in efficiency …”。言外之意 “limited liability company”(即modern company)代替“old family firms”是为防止“the decline in efficiency”。故而正确答案为C项。
例2 (1996年考题第5篇 68题)
The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected move Christian behavior.
Kitcher’s book is intended to .
［A］ recommend the views of the evolutionists
［B］ expose the true features of creationists
［C］ curse bitterly at this opponents
［D］ launch a surprise attack on creationists
该题解题范围在文中第三句，即：“He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise”，本句是个并列句，连词“and”连接前后两个句子，在后一个句子当中，主语是“the extent … and distortion”；“may come”作这两个并列成分的谓语；介词短语“for those …”作状语。全句的句意为：“他描述了他们的纲领及骗人手段，对那些不了解他们把戏的人来讲，他们的欺骗程度和歪曲程度会令人感到吃惊和厌恶”。正确答案为B项。
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