动词是用来表示动作或状态的词。英语的动词可分为四大类：即实义动词[其中包括及物动词（vt.）]、不及物动词（vi.）]、系动词（link v.）、助动词（v. aux.）和情态动词（v.m.aux.）；
动词还可分为限定动词和非限定动词两大类；并且有时态、语态和语气等形式上的变化、虚拟语气和非限定动词是学习英语的重点和难点。
非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式，分词（包括现代分词和过去分词）和动明词。非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。但是它们具有动词的许多特点，如可以有自己的宾语、状语，还能同其他词连用，构成短语。除此之外，它们还有时态和语态的变化。
一、不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由“to＋动词原形”构成，有时to可以省略。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，所以确切的说动词不定式是动词的不受限定的形式，在句中不能作谓语，它既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词，形容词和副词的功能。
1、动词不定式的用法
1)，作主语
To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。
动词不定式作主语时，常常用it 作形式主语，放在句子的开头，把动词不定式放在谓语后面，但翻译时不必把it 译出来。
It's bad manners to spit in public. 在公共场合吐痰是不礼貌的。
2)，作表语
His work is to teach English. 他的工作是教英语。
3)，作宾语
I want to ask him a question. 我想问他一个问题。
4)，作宾语补足语
The teacher told us to do Exercises 1 and 2、 老师叫我们做练习一和练习二。
5)，作定语
They have no house to live in. 他们无房子可住。
注意：动词不定式作定语时，必须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
6)，作状语
I'm glad不定式常见考点全攻克：
1。作宾语时的注意事项
（1）常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
ask,agree,beg,decide,determine,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise, refuse,set out,want,wish,expect,demand,ect.
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
（2）不定式作宾语，而后又跟宾补时，必须用it作形式宾语，而将不定式后置。
I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
（3）动词know后只能接“疑问词+不定式”结构做宾语。
I know how to learn English well.
She doesn't know where to go.
(4)would rather,had better,rather than,why not 等结构后面要求跟不带to的不定式。
---I usually play basketball.
---Why not try playing football?
---Oh,I feel so bored;I have nothing to do.
---Have you finished your homework?
---Oh,I forgot that.
---You always forget to do your homework.Then why not do it now?
(5)可以跟不定式或“疑问词+不定式”的介词。
“be about to do "表示即将做某事。
but后一般跟带to的不定式，
The enemy had no way out but to surrender.
但在“do nothing/something/anything/
everything...but "结构后跟不带to 的不定式。
There was nothing we could do but wait.
我们只有耐心等待。
介词in,on,of等后可以跟“疑问词+不定式”结构做宾语。
In one of his books,Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.
During the summer holiday,she took a course on how to make dresses.
2.作宾补和主补时要注意的事项。
（1）常见用不定式作宾补的动词。
allow,help,warn,ask,force tell,expect,promise,wish,want sb (not) to do sth.
We expect him to win an Olympic gold medal.
（2）在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时不定式的to要省掉，而变为被动语态，即作主补时要加上to.
此类动词主要用：feel,make,let ,see,hear,watch,
listen to ,look at,notice,observe.
I saw him steal my money.
He was seen to steal my money.
3.作定语时的注意事项
如果它与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，而不定式又是一个不及物动词时，要注意在不定式后加上相应的介词。如：
Have you got anything to say?
There is nothing to worry about.
I haven't got a chair to sit on.
We need a piece of paper to write on.
4.不定式作状语时可以表示目的，原因，结果等。
I came to see you.(目的）
We were happy to hear that.(原因）
He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(结果）
在表示目的时相当于，in order to ,so as to.
注意too...to 结构，表示太如何以至于不能怎样。如：
He was too frightened to say anything.
注意其前有not,never等否定词修饰时的意思。
English is not too difficult to learn.
5.不定式的各种形式。
（1）.否定式是在其前加not或其它否定词。即：not to do sth.
(2).省略，可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形，而只留下不定式符号to,如：
I wanted to play computer games,but my mother told me not to (play computer games).
(3)不定式的各种时态。
a.一般式to do /to be done
所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或在其之后发生。简单的说，就是说表达的是现在的情况或将来的趋向。
I am glad to see you.
You are to go to the office after class.
I hope to see you again.
b.进行式。to be doing
表示其动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
She pretended to be reading when her teacher looked at her.
c.完成式to have done/to have been done
其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。（在谓语动词所表示的动作发生前已经完成）
I am glad to have visited your father.
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
Robot is said to have studied abroad ,but I don't know what country he studied in.
to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
二、分词
分词作定语
分词前置
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i.分词词组；ii. 个别分词如given, left； iii. 修饰不定代词 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被 动，相当于定语从句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
分词作状语
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用。
连词+分词(短语)
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主语相同。
分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
分词作表语
现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行
过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
分词作插入语
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
分词的时态
1）与主语动词同时，
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）先于主动词
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作业后，他出去了。
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
三、动明词
动词还可分为限定动词和非限定动词两大类；并且有时态、语态和语气等形式上的变化、虚拟语气和非限定动词是学习英语的重点和难点。
非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式，分词（包括现代分词和过去分词）和动明词。非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。但是它们具有动词的许多特点，如可以有自己的宾语、状语，还能同其他词连用，构成短语。除此之外，它们还有时态和语态的变化。
一、不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由“to＋动词原形”构成，有时to可以省略。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，所以确切的说动词不定式是动词的不受限定的形式，在句中不能作谓语，它既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词，形容词和副词的功能。
1、动词不定式的用法
1)，作主语
To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。
动词不定式作主语时，常常用it 作形式主语，放在句子的开头，把动词不定式放在谓语后面，但翻译时不必把it 译出来。
It's bad manners to spit in public. 在公共场合吐痰是不礼貌的。
2)，作表语
His work is to teach English. 他的工作是教英语。
3)，作宾语
I want to ask him a question. 我想问他一个问题。
4)，作宾语补足语
The teacher told us to do Exercises 1 and 2、 老师叫我们做练习一和练习二。
5)，作定语
They have no house to live in. 他们无房子可住。
注意：动词不定式作定语时，必须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
6)，作状语
I'm glad不定式常见考点全攻克：
1。作宾语时的注意事项
（1）常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
ask,agree,beg,decide,determine,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise, refuse,set out,want,wish,expect,demand,ect.
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
（2）不定式作宾语，而后又跟宾补时，必须用it作形式宾语，而将不定式后置。
I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
（3）动词know后只能接“疑问词+不定式”结构做宾语。
I know how to learn English well.
She doesn't know where to go.
(4)would rather,had better,rather than,why not 等结构后面要求跟不带to的不定式。
---I usually play basketball.
---Why not try playing football?
---Oh,I feel so bored;I have nothing to do.
---Have you finished your homework?
---Oh,I forgot that.
---You always forget to do your homework.Then why not do it now?
(5)可以跟不定式或“疑问词+不定式”的介词。
“be about to do "表示即将做某事。
but后一般跟带to的不定式，
The enemy had no way out but to surrender.
但在“do nothing/something/anything/
everything...but "结构后跟不带to 的不定式。
There was nothing we could do but wait.
我们只有耐心等待。
介词in,on,of等后可以跟“疑问词+不定式”结构做宾语。
In one of his books,Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.
During the summer holiday,she took a course on how to make dresses.
2.作宾补和主补时要注意的事项。
（1）常见用不定式作宾补的动词。
allow,help,warn,ask,force tell,expect,promise,wish,want sb (not) to do sth.
We expect him to win an Olympic gold medal.
（2）在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时不定式的to要省掉，而变为被动语态，即作主补时要加上to.
此类动词主要用：feel,make,let ,see,hear,watch,
listen to ,look at,notice,observe.
I saw him steal my money.
He was seen to steal my money.
3.作定语时的注意事项
如果它与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，而不定式又是一个不及物动词时，要注意在不定式后加上相应的介词。如：
Have you got anything to say?
There is nothing to worry about.
I haven't got a chair to sit on.
We need a piece of paper to write on.
4.不定式作状语时可以表示目的，原因，结果等。
I came to see you.(目的）
We were happy to hear that.(原因）
He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(结果）
在表示目的时相当于，in order to ,so as to.
注意too...to 结构，表示太如何以至于不能怎样。如：
He was too frightened to say anything.
注意其前有not,never等否定词修饰时的意思。
English is not too difficult to learn.
5.不定式的各种形式。
（1）.否定式是在其前加not或其它否定词。即：not to do sth.
(2).省略，可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形，而只留下不定式符号to,如：
I wanted to play computer games,but my mother told me not to (play computer games).
(3)不定式的各种时态。
a.一般式to do /to be done
所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或在其之后发生。简单的说，就是说表达的是现在的情况或将来的趋向。
I am glad to see you.
You are to go to the office after class.
I hope to see you again.
b.进行式。to be doing
表示其动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
She pretended to be reading when her teacher looked at her.
c.完成式to have done/to have been done
其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。（在谓语动词所表示的动作发生前已经完成）
I am glad to have visited your father.
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
Robot is said to have studied abroad ,but I don't know what country he studied in.
to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
二、分词
分词作定语
分词前置
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i.分词词组；ii. 个别分词如given, left； iii. 修饰不定代词 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被 动，相当于定语从句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
分词作状语
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用。
连词+分词(短语)
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主语相同。
分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
分词作表语
现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行
过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
分词作插入语
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
分词的时态
1）与主语动词同时，
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）先于主动词
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作业后，他出去了。
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
三、动明词
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