Spa History
When visiting a spa, it is likely that very few of us take time to ponder its origins. Spas found their beginnings thousands of years ago, when ancient civilizations used them for their healing properties and as an important part of their social structure. As the years progressed, so did spas, and each civilization used them in their own distinct manner.
The word spa is rooted in the Latin language and means “salus per aquam.” For those of you who are not very polished on your Latin, that means “health from water.” Incidentally, Spa is also the name of a small village in Belgium where hot mineral springs were discovered by ancient Romans and used by soldiers to treat aching muscles and wounds from battle. Romans were not the first or only ancient civilization to use social bathing, they were just the civilization the perfected it. Social bathing was used by numerous civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Minoans, and Greeks.
However, even before this mineral spring was discovered, Roman citizens bathed daily in the now famous Roman Baths. It is unclear when the Romans used the first public bath, but during the reign of Caesar Augustus from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D., there were approximately 170 baths throughout Rome. While many of these were public baths, they were primarily built as garrisons and used by the soldiers of Rome. While the Roman soldiers had used baths for decades as a way of easing the wounds of battle, by 43 A.D., the Roman public began to take on a different view of baths and bathing. At this time, citizens of Rome began to view baths as a way of providing rest, relaxation, and solace to all people, not just those weary of war. It was after this time that public interest in baths began to peak. In 70 A.D., the Romans built a spa and dedicated it, as a shrine consisting of a reservoir around the hot springs at Bath, in what is now England, a complex series of baths, and a temple, to the honor of the goddess Sulis Minerva. As the Roman Empire grew, so did the number of public baths. By the year 300 A.D., there were over 900 baths throughout the empire. The oldest Roman spa still in existence today is located in Merano, Italy, providing evidence of the idea that the Romans used natural springs in an organized manner to provide treatments.
Baths were an important part of the daily life of both Roman men and women of all social classes and the ancient Romans managed to transform it into an art. While members of the Roman upper class frequently built private baths in their home or villa, they still favored the public bathhouses that were present throughout the Roman Empire. These large public baths were known as thermae and frequently spanned several city blocks. There was a fee for using the thermae, but it was minimal and could be afforded by most free Romans. However, the fee for women to use the public baths was twice as much as the fee for men.
Roman men and women observed separate bathing times. While there were some baths that allowed mixed bathing, this practice was generally considered in poor taste and no self-respecting Roman woman would be caught bathing in the presence of men. Mixed baths were seen as a venue for prostitutes to promote their trade. Baths were typically open to women from daybreak until just after noon and for men from about 2:00 in the afternoon until sunset. Baths were rarely used in the evenings. A visit to the bath would traditionally last several hours and include exercise, bathing, and socializing. Roman baths were very social places and, in addition to a gymnasium area for exercising, the largest baths often included gardens, a library or reading room, restaurant, bar, marketplace, even museums or theatres that featured jugglers, acrobats, and recitals. Bathers moved from room to room at a leisurely pace, enjoying the company of fellow Romans and all the amenities the baths offered.
Roman baths were adorned with lavish decorations. The structures themselves were open and filled with natural light, complimented by high, vaulted ceilings. Walls were covered with mirrors and the pools were lined with the finest marble of the day. In addition, mosaics of intricate patterns were found throughout the bath. The first room entered by visitors to the baths was the dressing room or apodyterium, the predecessor of our modern day locker room. This room was filled with shelves and cabinets for visitors to store their personal belongings. The more well to do bathers would often bring a servant or two to guard their belongings from thieves that frequented the baths to prey on unprotected valuables. For those bathers who did not have servants, an attendant could be paid a small fee to watch over belongings. It is not entirely clear as to what Romans wore when they were bathing, but it is not likely that they bathed in the nude. Rather, it is thought that they wore a type of light dressing gown and sandals to protect their feet from the heated floors of the other bathing rooms.
Upon exiting the apodyterium, Roman men had their bodies oiled by slaves of the bath and began their exercise regimen. This most often consisted of activities such as weight lifting, wrestling, various types of ball games, or running. The gymnasium or exercise area was known as the palaestrae. Roman men were more likely to utilize these facilities than women, who used baths primarily for bathing and socializing.
After exercising, bathers entered the tepidarium, a room where they would prepare for their bath. The first step was to remove the oil from their body. Oil was used as a substitute for soap, which was reserved for only the very wealthy in ancient Rome, then scraped off with an implement known as a strigil, removing dirt and grime with it. Upon completing this step, bathers were ready to enter the caladarium. This room was very hot and filled with steam, created by sunken pools of hot water. Some baths also included a room that was very hot and dry, very much like our modern day saunas, called a laconicum. Visits to the hot rooms were followed by a visit to the frigidarium. As the name implies, this room was cold and served to close pores that were open from sweating in the hot rooms. This room also frequently contained either a small pool of cold water for washing away sweat or a large pool of cold water for swimming. These rooms also provided patrons with the opportunity to receive massages with perfumed oils.
Romans used a system of furnaces called a hypocaust for heating baths. The floor of the bath was raised off the ground by numerous pillars. This system was under the floor of the baths and utilized the hot air from the furnace, or praefunium, which consisted of several fires in the basement of the bath, tended by slaves. This hot air flowed through a system of wall ducts and was very efficient at heating both rooms and water. In fact, bathers had to wear sandals in order to prevent their feet from being burned. Those rooms that required the most heat, such as the caldarium or laconium, were built closer, while rooms requiring little heat, such as the frigidarium, were built the furthest from the furnace.
With the demise of the Roman Empire, so to came the demise of the Roman bath. While they were not entirely phased out of existence, those existing in the furthest outliers of the empire frequently fell to ruin. This did not mark the end of the influence of the Roman bath. The natural hot springs in Bath, England have been recognized for their therapeutic properties since their use by the Romans. This trend carried itself forth throughout history and made Bath one of the most notable ancient spa cites. At Bath, the springs generate more than one million gallons of mineral water at 120 F each day. This mineral water contains numerous elements such as magnesium, potassium, sulfur, and calcium. Even today, visitors can marvel at the ingenuity of ancient baths by viewing ruins of steam rooms and the furnace. In the 11th century, the King’s Bath was built over the ruins of the temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath. This was originally built as part of an infirmary, but by the 12th century, the magnificent healing powers of the hot springs prompted the founding of Saint John’s Hospital at the site. Henry of Huntington, one of those involved in the founding of the hospital said, “Where the hot springs…supply the warm baths which stand in the middle of the place, most delightful to see and beneficial to health…infirm people resort to it from all parts of England, for the purpose of washing themselves in these salubrious waters; and persons of health also assemble there, to see the curious bubbling up of the warm springs, and to use the baths.”
By the Elizabethan Era, the popularity of the hot springs at Bath had increased greatly and expansions were made upon already existing baths. At this time, the use of spas was becoming more widely accepted throughout Europe and by the 16th century, the Kings Bath, Cross Bath, and Hot Bath drew many visitors who were searching for cures to various illnesses and ailments. These baths were the driving force of the economy of the city of Bath and in 1574, Queen Elizabeth I visited Bath, prompting the aristocracy of England to take notice of the benefits of Bath’s natural springs. This visit led to the creation of the Queen’s Bath, built beside the King’s Bath, in 1576. In the years following, other royals, such as Charles II, James II, and Queen Anne all frequented Bath, bringing with them the English aristocracy. By the turn of the 17th century, the popularity of Bath had increased so greatly, that the city was rebuilt to accommodate its newfound economic development and success.
This growth and development continued into the 18th century. At this time, both the Hot Bath and Cross Bath were rebuilt and enlarged. In 1738, the Royal Mineral Hospital was constructed as the healing properties of Baths hot springs gained notoriety. It is interesting to note that, while Romans took care to protect their modesty, the English had no qualms about bathing in the nude with members of the opposite sex. John Wood the Elder, one of the men responsible for the creation of the Royal Mineral Hospital, wrote, “The Baths were like so many Bear Gardens, and modesty was entirely shut out of them; people of both sexes bathing by day and night naked.”
As the years passed, the development of baths and spas spread throughout and they became increasingly elaborate. Frequently, spas were built in secluded mountain towns and provided visitors with majestic mountain vistas. This practice was especially popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. At this time, it also became a practice for spas to be staffed by medical professionals who prescribed and carefully monitored the treatments provided to each visitor, perhaps a precursor to our modern-day medi-spas. The treatments of this time were not sophisticated by modern standards and consisted primarily of either soaking or drinking. These spas were tremendously successful and they grew rapidly, eventually expanding to add restaurants, casinos, and accommodations for entertainment, such as symphonies or racetracks. This opulence was enticing to European royals, who held such events as state dinners and royal weddings in these settings. In an effort to maintain their upper-class clientele, spas worked diligently to maintain treatments that were innovative. This remains the practice among spas throughout Europe, even today.
Across the ocean, in the still undiscovered “New World,” native Indians were enjoying the benefits of hot spring therapy as well. Native Americans bathed in mineral springs to enhance their physical and spiritual health. These baths played an important role in the social structure of Native American communities. It was the legends of these healing springs that drew Spanish conquistadors, such as Ponce de Leon, to the New World. In present-day New York State, the Mohawk Indians used hot springs for their healing properties. The oldest spring known to have been used by the Mohawks is the Saratoga Hot Springs, meaning “the place of the medicine waters of the great spirit” in the native dialect. By the 18th century, America was being settled and the colonists began to take notice of the healing springs of Saratoga. In 1790, the Saratoga Hot Springs began offering both spa treatments and accommodations to visitors. While it was one of the first commercial spas in the New World, it was not entirely unique. As colonists discovered new hot springs, they would build log cabins and wooden tubs for bathing near them. The waters were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties by those seeking to satisfy their scientific curiosities. From these analyses, many important theories about hydrotherapy were developed, many of which are still widely recognized today.
As America expanded westward, new mineral springs were discovered. These discoveries prompted the development of an elaborate new classification system for developing spas, based on the study of geography, geology, mineralogy, and climatology. As the therapeutic effects of mineral waters became more widely accepted across the country, medical practitioners began to adopt hydrotherapies and climatotherapies as innovative ways of treating their patients. In urban areas, free public baths were developed to improve the hygiene of underprivileged citizens.
By European standards, American spas are still in their infancy and the differences between American and European spas are manifold. Traditionally, Europeans have viewed spas as a venue for the treatment of present illnesses and the prevention of future ailments. In addition, Europeans also placed special emphasis on the importance of spas in helping visitors relax by combating the stresses of everyday life. In contrast, traditional American spas have maintained their focus on wellness, attracting individuals who are already healthy with programs in nutrition, exercise, and beauty. More recently, American spas have begun to adopt numerous new programs in areas such as meditation and spiritual communication. This is, of course, excepting specialty spas, such as medi-spas, who maintain their focus on providing alternative treatments to numerous illnesses and ailments.
As mankind has progressed, so have the spa treatments that have been used since ancient times to remedy a variety of ailments. While the origins of spas are rooted in the healing waters of natural hot springs, the focus of spas around the world, including in the United States, has shifted. Few spa patrons are drawn to spas for their healing waters. In fact, the history of spas is something that has been nearly forgotten. Advances in technology and medicine have developed new treatments that have all but replaced treatments that are more traditional. As medicine progressed, some of the faith in healing waters diminished because man-made therapies were thought to provide more powerful, immediate results. This declining interest led to decreased financial support from the federal government. Consequently, there was a period in American history when the uses of hydrotherapy declined dramatically.
The history of spas is quite rich and there is much to be learned from it. While advances in modern medicine have provided benefits beyond what even their developers likely imagined, it is quite possible that there is still much to be learned from the history of ancient healing waters.
Types of Spas
No two people visit a spa for the same reason. One person may visit to receive a relaxing massage and a facial, while another may visit for the benefits of an aromatherapy treatment or to lose unwanted pounds. Out of this vast array of interests came the need for the development of a wide variety of specialized spas to ensure that spa goers were offered the services they desired.
Why do people visit spas? Well, spas are a relaxing place to go be pampered and nurtured in surroundings that are serene and calming. Spas are a tranquil place to go to cleanse, heal, and enhance overall well being. When most people think of spas, they think of basic beauty and therapeutic treatments, such as facials and massages. However, spas are able to help us in a variety of ways that reach far beyond just beautifying and relaxing. When visiting a spa, you can talk to experts who can help you improve your fitness, improve your eating habits and learn about nutrition, maintain or lose weight, and manage the stress in your life. Spas are even places where you can commune with nature, take time for personal reflection, and meet other people with interests similar to yours. In essence, the type of spa you choose to visit should be a reflection of what your goals are. Do you want to get a facial or a massage? Do you want to improve your overall physical fitness? Alternatively, would you like to learn how to lead a healthier lifestyle? No matter what your goals are, there is a spa that can help you meet them.
Some of the most basic types of spas are the Beauty Spa, Hotel Spa, Wellness Spa, Fitness Spa, and Medical Spa. Each of these types of spas are tailored to meet the specific needs of their clients, whether those needs are to improve their customer’s self-esteem with a facial and new haircut and color, or to improve their customer’s physical health through a series of alternative medical treatments.
Beauty Spas offer both spa and salon services to patrons all in one convenient location. When one thinks of a Beauty Spa, images of Day Spas often come to mind. One defining characteristic of this type of spa is that its facilities do not include overnight accommodations for patrons. These spas offer a full range of beauty and relaxation treatments to their patrons. These treatments may last anywhere from 30 minutes to an entire day. In 1996, Entrepreneur Magazine voted Day Spas one of the year’s hottest businesses, due to the fact that they represented the most rapidly growing segment of the spa industry over the previous years. Many Day Spas are the product of “upgrades” by owners of salons who decide to begin offering spa services to clients in addition to the traditional salon services. Because of the wide range of services they offer and the flexibility that comes with being able to receive a spa treatment in as little as 30 minutes, Day Spas are appealing to all types of people.
As the name implies, Hotel Spas are spas that are situated within a hotel. This type of spa has become increasingly popular and there are numerous Hotel Spas in various locations throughout the world. Hotel Spas are often desirable because they provide a relaxing retreat for people wishing to escape their hectic every day schedules. Hotel Spas are much larger in size than Day Spas and offer their guests overnight accommodations. Hotel Spas also offer a wide array of treatments and guests are able to participate in a number of additional activities depending on the location of the spa. For example, a Hotel Spa in the mountains may offer skiing, snowboarding, or snowshoeing outings to its patrons while a Hotel Spa on the ocean may offer its patrons scuba diving or snorkeling activities. Hotel Spas also frequently feature aerobic and fitness facilities and restaurants. Like any other type of spa, Hotel Spas offer their own unique menu of treatments and the decision of which Hotel Spa to visit should be based on individual goals.
Fitness Spas are the result of the melding of spas and fitness clubs into one location. Each of these components maintains its own separate goals. The goal of any fitness club is to encourage people to maintain and enhance their physical health. The goal of any spa is to help people learn to relax and feel better about themselves. Despite these differences, each component maintains a similar underlying goal: to provide visitors with a rewarding experience that will benefit them even after they leave the facility. Creating an environment that promotes the goals of each facility is a very difficult task. Therefore, many Fitness Spas are a health club-day spa combination. The health club portion offers patrons all the services of a traditional health club while the spa portion offers patrons traditional spa and salon services. This melding of spas and fitness clubs may appear to some people to be a kinder, gentler way of getting and staying in shape while providing the perfect way to unwind after a workout. This is a large part of the appeal of Fitness spas.
Wellness Spas maintain a focus on increasing and maintaining the overall wellness of their visitors. This is accomplished through a number of classes and activities where visitors learn how to live a healthy lifestyle. Individuals who suffer from heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure or cholesterol, cancer, arthritis, are overweight, over stressed, or even individuals who want to quit smoking can benefit from a visit to a Wellness Spa. What makes Wellness Spas so unique is the way in which they utilize a staff of medical experts to combine highly specialized treatments to improve visitors’ health in an environment where they can also receive beauty treatments, improving their well being both inside and out.
Medical Spas are a type of spa that offers treatments that are alternative medicine therapies. Medical Spas are staffed by doctors and other medical professionals who are committed to improving wellness through the use of alternative medical therapies. Medical Spas and the use of alternative medical therapies have been increasing in popularity in the past decade. In 1997, 4 out of 10 Americans reported using alternative medical therapies and from 1990 to 1997, the total number of visits to alternative medical facilities increased by 47 percent from 427 million to 629 million. This number exceeds the number of visits to traditional medical practitioners during the same time period. In the years 2002-2006 the medical spa arena is projected to experience a growth rate of 40%. Treatments at Medical Spas include such things as herbal therapies, chiropractic therapy, self-help imagery, hypnosis, homeopathy, biofeedback, acupuncture, and energy healing. Medical Spas are also becoming very popular as adjuncts to plastic surgery, chiropractic, dermatology and anti-aging physician’s existing medical practices.
What to Expect
What you should expect from a spa: As spas are springing up on every corner, the flavor of each facility is unique from its furnishings to its treatment options. Some aspects of the spa experience, however, should remain consistent to ensure the safety and comfort of the spa client.
Sanitation Considerations
Clean, unused linens and spa wear
Sanitized, clean, uncluttered working surfaces
Sealed containers for implements like cotton balls and facial pads
Professional products that are single use or that have been taken from a larger container without making contact with an unsanitary or sterile surface.
For any tool or implement breaking the surface of the skin a disposable tool is recommended.
Implements must be cleaned with a hospital grade disinfectant, sanitized by a UV light or similar piece of equipment or sterilized through an autoclave.
Technicians must have freshly washed and dried hands or have surgical gloves on during spa treatments.
Waste recepticals and laundry bins must be sealed and covered.
Tools and products must be clearly labeled and safely stored.
Technician Training and Licensing
At any point before or after receiving a spa treatment or hair service, it is perfectly reasonable and appropriate to discuss the attending technician’s qualifications and licensing. In fact, the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists governs estheticians and cosmetologists on a state-by-state basis and require that licenses be prominently displayed at each technician’s primary work station or at the reception area of the facility. Massage therapists are licensed by each city, although there are national certification associations that grant specific accreditations to therapists based on educational credentials, practical experience and standardized testing. The expertise of a therapist may be determined based on the number of hours that technician participated in basic schooling to be licensed, the number of total years in practice, and the types and amount of continuing education enjoyed since trade school graduation. To check an individual’s licensing status, you can call your state’s Board of Barber’s and Cosmetology to verify that person’s licensure status.
Spa Etiquette
As a guest at a spa facility you should expect to receive services as they are described in any promotional or informational materials in a timely fashion. Furthermore, you should expect to be given services in a safe and clean environment that respects your privacy. Professional standards of behavior should be maintained at all times by the attending therapists and staff. You should expect that the staff will be educated and experienced sufficiently to answer your personal care and medical-related questions as well as advise appropriate treatments for your specific needs and home care recommendations.
Also as a guest you are expected to give at least 24 hours notice of cancellation for services and arrive for your services 5-10 minutes before your appointment time. To serve you effectively and safely, most spas will require that you fill out a medical evaluation form designed to target any concerns for contraindicated treatments for you while you are enjoying services at the facility. It is your responsibility and in your best interest to fill this form out as accurately as possible. Dress and conduct specifications will be indicated on informational materials if there are any specific rules that you need to be informed of before your visit. In most spa settings spa wear and the necessary items for enjoying your visit at the spa will all be provided by the spa. If you are particularly modest and would like to have clothing on at all times you may want to enquire as to bringing your swimming suit. Furthermore, some spas do not offer post treatment hair and make up touch ups, so again, ask about locker room facilities and bringing your own tools. It is always advised that jewelry and valuables be left at home when planning a visit to the spa.
Spa Glossary
Ablutions
A washing or cleansing routine that is commonly performed as part of a religious ceremony.
Acupressure
A technique of Oriental origins that involves the application of pressure to specific points on the body, known as pressure points, in an attempt to improve the flow of energy throughout the body and release tension.
Acupuncture
A relatively painless Oriental technique that involves the insertion of fine needles at specific points throughout the body, corresponding to various internal organs, in order to promote balance and healing.
Acute Disorder
A short, severe aliment that has dramatic effects the function of the mind and/or body.
Aesthetic
Something that is pleasing in appearance.
Affirmation
A technique used to overcome a variety of ailments, from physical to mental to emotional. The technique is very similar to visualization in that it involves focusing on positive thoughts and repeating positive statements.
Alexander Technique
A massage technique developed in the 1890s by F.M. Alexander to correct postures and movements that are imbalanced and lead to bodily stress.
Algotherapy
A type of thalassotherapy that involves the application of thin, heated layers of seaweed to the skin. It may also be desirable to include the use of infrared lamps to maintain a constant temperature. This is primarily used to reduce pain and inflammation.
Alternative Therapies
Treatments that are considered “non-traditional” by the standards of Western medicine, such as acupressure, acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy.
Aquatic Rehabilitation
The use of aquatic therapies to restore health.
Aromatherapy
An ancient practice involving the use of essential oils to promote healing through the stimulation of olfactory nerves and the subsequent mental, circulatory, and respiratory responses to the scents. The essential oils used in aromatherapy treatments are typically derived from plants, plant roots, flowers, and seeds. Aromatherapy may be incorporated into a number of treatments, such as facials, massages, or water therapies. The use of aromatherapy dates back to nearly 4000 B.C.
Athletic Massage
A deeply penetrating massage that concentrates on all muscle groups, particularly those used in sports activities. May be tailored to meet the needs of individual athletes. Also called Sports Massage.
Attunement
To bring the entire being, mind, body, and spirit, into harmony.
Ayurveda
A philosophy and practice of balancing the internal and external self based on Eastern Indian principles of using herbal and hot oil treatments in conjunction with meditation, nutrition, and aromatherapy.
Bad
German word for bath.
Baden
German word for bathing.
Baden-Baden
A town in Germany known for ancient spas.
Baden by Wien
A town in Austria known for ancient spas.
Balneotherapy
Various hydrotherapies that utilize minerals, salts, or purified water, or any combination of the three, to treat a numerous variety of ailments.
Basti
An herbal purification treatment based on Ayurvedic principles.
Baths
Soaking all or parts of the body in water of varying temperatures either with or without treatments, such as herbs or essentials, added to the water.
Bindi
An Ayurvedic treatment involving exfoliation, essential oils, and massage.
Body Alignment
Developed as a result of Rolfing, a system that involves an in-depth structural analysis of the body that allows therapists to develop a strengthening and exercise program personalized to each individual.
Body Sugaring
A method of hair removal, used by Cleopatra, in which a sugar paste is massaged onto the area where hair is to be removed and then pulled away, taking the hair with it.
Body Wraps
Also known as “Herbal Wraps.” A treatment in which linen cloth, soaked in herbs, are tightly wrapped around the body.
Boreh
A cleansing and exfoliating treatment that improves circulation through the use of herbs, seeds, grains, specific essential oils, and grated carrots. This is not recommended for pregnant women.
Brine Baths
Baths involving either sea water or water containing large amounts of salt.
Bromine/Iodine Baths
A type of bath involving bromine, a reddish-brown element with an irritating vapor, combined with a mixture of liquid iodine and ethyl alcohol. This is used as an antiseptic treatment for the skin.
Brossage
A body polishing treatment where salicylic salt is applied with a series of brushes.
Brush and Tone
A method of removing dead skin cells and improving circulation with a dry brush. The brushing is followed by a moisturizing treatment to hydrate skin. Is often used in preparation for other treatments.
Cathiodermie
Stimulation of the facial muscles using low-voltage electrical currents.
Cell Therapy
An experimental procedure involving the injection of embryonic lamb cells to promote cellular regeneration and reversal of the aging process. This therapy has not yet earned FDA approval and is not legal in the United States.
Chakra
An Ayurvedic term referring to energy centers. By Ayurvedic principles, there are seven chakras in the body running from the base of the skull to the bottom of the spine. When all seven chakras are balanced, physical, mental, and spiritual aspects are in harmony. This harmony creates an overall state of well being. Crystal stones and color therapy, along with yoga and meditation are all thought to balance chakras.
Chronic Disorders
Ailments lasting a long period of time. The ailment may be present either consistently or intermittently.
Clinical Esthetician
A technician who has received specialized training in skin care and commonly treat skin conditions in a medical environment. Treatments may or may not be performed in the presence of a physician.
Club Spa
A spa that maintains a focus on fitness but also offers a variety of traditional spa treatments.
Complementary Medicine
Medical therapies that are usually seen as “alternative” or “non-traditional,” such as herbal therapies, aromatherapy, and massage therapy. These are commonly used in conjunction with more traditional forms of medical therapies to aid in their efficacy.
Cold Plunge
The use of a deep pool of cold water to rapidly contract the capillaries that was originally developed to stimulate circulation after the use of a sauna.
Craniosacral Therapy
A form of massage therapy that focuses specifically on the areas of the head and neck.
Crenotherapy
Any type of treatment that involves the use of mineral water, mud, or vapor.
Day Spa
A spa where clients may receive a variety of spa and salon treatments but does not provide overnight accommodations.
Dead Sea Mud Treatment
A type of mud treatment involving nutrient rich mud from the Dead Sea. These treatment are widely regarded for their ability to detoxify and exfoliate.
Deep-Cleansing Facial
Facials that involve the use of either machines or manual techniques to open pores and eliminate blackheads.
Deep Tissue Muscle Massage
A massage therapy technique that involves the manipulation of the fascia in a loosening manner in order to aid in realignment. Variations of this technique are also known as Rolfing or Reichian. Some people do not enjoy this type of treatment, as it may be uncomfortable, even painful.
Dermatology
The branch of medicine dealing with the structure, function, and disorders of the skin.
Destination Spa
A spa providing services geared to bring about improvements in the health and lifestyle of its guests. On-site accommodations are a part of destination spas.
Detoxification
A process that refers to the elimination of toxins from the body.
Dulse Scrub
A vigorous exfoliation technique that utilizes powdered dulse seaweed combined with essential oils or water. In addition to exfoliating, dulse scrubs replenish lost minerals and vitamins to the skin. This treatment is particularly well suited for exfoliating sensitive skin.
Duo Massage
Massage therapy performed by two massage therapists simultaneously.
Eastern Medicine
Medical practices that are based on Eastern philosophies and provide a holistic approach to health and well being.
Electrotherapy
Therapeutic treatments that utilize low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate muscles, reduce cellulite and supplement weight loss programs.
Endermologie
A technique developed in France that is widely regarded for its ability to reduce the appearance of cellulite. Traditionally, this treatment is performed by a trained esthetician.
Effleurage
A massage technique that involves the use of long, quick strokes and is traditionally used towards the end of the treatment.
Electro-Acupuncture
Acupuncture performed through the use of a pencil-like instrument that generates a gentle current.
Electrotherapy
Treatments that involve the use of low-voltage electric currents to eliminate cellulite, restore muscle tone, and aid weight loss programs. Includes such therapies as galvanionization, and ultrasound.
Esalen Massage
A type of massage that combines the techniques of Swedish and sensory relaxation massage to release muscle tension and harmonize the body.
Essential Oils
Oils extracted from plants, fruits, flowers, grasses, leaves, and roots for their aromatic, medicinal, and therapeutic properties.
Esthetician
Technician with specialized training in skin care who performs treatments, such as facials, in a spa or salon environment.
Exfoliation
The removal of the top most layer of dead skin cells to reveal healthier skin and improve circulation. Exfoliation is achieved by a variety of techniques, such as loofah scrubs, salt scrubs, salt glow, and brush and tone.
Facial
A treatment that focuses on the facial area and typically involves a facial massage, cleansing, exfoliating, toning, and moisturizing. Facials can be tailored to meet the specific needs of the person receiving the facial.
Fango Therapy
Therapies that utilize various types of mineral- and nutrient-rich mud to cleanse the body of toxins and promote exfoliation. Fango comes from the Italian word for mud.
Flotation Tank
A large, salt water-filled tank where client soak. Flotation tanks are usually placed in a dark or dimmed room to alleviate stress and help clients relax. This therapy may also be combined with other treatments, such as music or aromatherapy.
Flower Remedies
A form of therapy involving the use of different flowers that correspond with different moods or mental states.
Glyco-Peeling
A treatment involving alpha-hydroxyl acids from fruits that is commonly used to treat age spots and lines, control acne, and improve the overall appearance and texture of the complexion.
Gommage
The application of different types of creams to either the face or body in order to cleanse and moisturize the skin. Creams are applied to the body in long, massage-like strokes and to the face in short, quick strokes.
Hellerwork
A treatment named for its founder, Joseph Heller, that involves a series of 11 sessions of deep tissue bodywork performed to realign the body and relieve stress and tension. In addition to being a physical treatment, Hellerwork is also a mental treatment that involves dialogues to help clients recognize their emotional stress.
Hamam
Term used for a Turkish or Middle Eastern bathhouse.
Henna or Mendhi
A Middle Eastern (Henna) or Indian/Pakistani (Mendhi) term for body art created by mixing henna/mendhi with liquid and painting the body in ornate patterns. Henna is also a common ingredient in hair colors.
Herbal Wrap
A treatment typically lasting 30 to 40 minutes in which linen sheets are soaked in herbs and wrapped tightly around the client’s body. Once the linen sheets have been wrapped, they are covered with a blanket and cold compresses are applied to the client’s forehead to keep them comfortable. This treatment is commonly used to stimulate circulation, detoxify, and relax. Since the treatment elevates body temperatures, thus heart rate and blood pressure, it is not recommended for people with heart conditions or high blood pressure.
Herbalism
An alternative therapy for using plants and plant extracts to treat conditions that are not life threatening. Sometimes referred to as “folk remedies.”
Holistic Medicine/Health
A theory that well being is a result of harmony between all elements of our environment, our physical health, our spiritual self, and our emotions. This is rooted in many areas, such as herbalism, Eastern disciplines, and meditation. Holistic Medicine includes therapies such as acupuncture, chelation therapy, clinical ecology, and nutritional therapy.
Holistic Spa
A spa that maintains a focus on holistic practices.
Homeopathy
A form of treatment involving patients being exposed to small doses of natural substances that induce symptoms similar to those of the condition being treated.
Hot Plunge
A deep pool of hot water used to rapidly expand capillaries.
Hydrotherapy
Like balneotherapy, hydrotherapy treatments involve the use of fresh water, particularly from a spring or other natural source.
Inhalation Therapy
The inhalation of steam vapor that has been fused with herbs with medicinal properties. Traditionally used to treat pulmonary or respiratory ailments.
Iodine-Brine Therapy
Baths that involve the use of minerals, particularly salt and iodine, to treat a variety of ailments. Most commonly used in Europe.
Ionization
A thalassotherapy treatment involving ionized seawater that is either inhaled or sprayed. Traditionally used to treat upper respiratory ailments.
Jacuzzi
A type of bath in which water is circulated by underwater jets.
Japanese Enzyme Bath
Bathing in a wooden tub filled with fibrous material that has fermented and, as a result of the fermentation process, become naturally heated. Once immersed in the substance, individuals sweat out toxins. This treatment should last no longer than 60 minutes.
Japanese Facial
The stimulation of acupressure points by lifting and toning the skin of the face and scalp. Believed to maintain a youthful appearance through repeated treatments.
Jin Shin Do®
A form of massage that is designed to balance the body’s energy.
Kneipp Baths
Baths involving waters infused with herbs and minerals, such as eucalyptus, lavender, rosemary, or chamomile, that were created in Germany by Father Sebastian Kneipp in the mid-1800s. Traditionally, Kneipp baths are used in conjunction with nutrition and exercise programs.
Kur
German word meaning “cure.” In Europe, “Kur” has traditionally referred to therapeutic drinking treatments. Sometimes these treatments are closely related to Kneipp Baths because the drinking treatments may consist of water infused with herbs and minerals similar to those used in the Kneipp Baths.
Lomi-Lomi
A Hawaiian form of massage that involves rhythmic, rocking motions.
Loofah
A plant that, when dried, is particularly useful in sloughing off dead skin cells.
Loofah Scrub
A method of exfoliation that utilizes friction caused by using the dried loofah plant in conjunction with the use of a salt scrub or oil mixture.
Lymphatic Drainage
Massage therapy treatment that encourages the elimination of toxins from hidden pockets in the body by stimulating the body’s natural lymphatic circulation, either through manual massage or hydrotherapy massage. This treatment should only be performed by therapists who are thoroughly trained in the technique in order to maximize effectiveness and eliminate negative effects.
Manicure
A treatment that focuses on the fingernails and typically includes a cuticle treatment, shaping, buffing, and polishing.
Marine Hydrotherapy
The use of water jets to propel seawater in a massaging manner to stimulate circulation and alleviate pain or inflammation. Marine therapy is a form of thalassotherapy.
Massercise
A technique for eliminating cellulite that involves the application of a thermal mask in conjunction with massage.
Massage Therapy
A technique that relaxes muscles, improves circulation, and stretches connective tissue through the manipulation of muscles, skin, and joints.
Medical Esthetician
Technician trained in skin care techniques who works in a medical environment in the presence of a physician. Medical estheticians commonly work with pre-and post-operative patients.
Medical Spa
A spa that offers traditional spa services, but is also staffed by trained medical and spa professionals who provide both medical and wellness therapies to guests.
Meditation
The practice of clearing the mind of all thoughts and concentrating on breathing in order to relax and take time for inner-reflection, connect with oneself, and create balance.
Mineral Springs Spa
A spa that contains an on-site, natural mineral spring which is incorporated into many of its treatments.
Mineral Water Bath
A bath in which either all or part of the body is submerged in water from thermal springs. The water may be of varying temperature and is rich in natural minerals and elements. In order to be classified as “mineral waters,” water must contain at least 1,000 micrograms/liter of minerals or elements.
Moor Peat Bath
A type of bath involving nutrient-rich organic material widely renown for its detoxifying properties and ability to alleviate pain and stiffness.
Oxygen Facial
The application of nutrients, such as oxygen, to the face, either topically or through a spray. Oxygen facials are recognized for their ability to rejuvenate collagen levels and prevent premature aging.
Oxygenate
The use of pure oxygen to cleanse and rejuvenate the skin as part of an anti-aging treatment.
Parafango
The use of paraffin wax and fango to exfoliate and detoxify.
Paraffin
A type of heated wax containing moisturizers, such as essential oils.
Paraffin Treatment
A treatment in which the body or parts of the body are covered in warm paraffin wax. As the wax hardens, it forms a “vacuum” that draws dirt from the pores and removes dead skin cells.
Pedicure
A treatment that focuses on toenails and typically consists of a foot soak, removing calluses and dead skin by means of a pumice stone or special razor, foot and/or leg massage, shaping, and polishing.
Phytotherapy
The use of plants, such as herbs or seaweed, and their essential oils either through massage, body wraps, steam therapies, inhalation therapies, or drinking.
Reflexology
A therapy that focuses on specific reflex points in the feet that correspond with specific internal organs in order to aid the travel of energy through the body. This therapy was widely used in Ancient Egypt, China, and India.
Repaichage Massage/Facial
A face or body treatment that involving the use of a variety of herbs and/or seaweed combined with either clay or mud and applied to desired areas for deep cleansing and moisturizing.
Resort/Hotel Spa
A spa located within a resort or hotel that provides traditional spa services in addition to all of the amenities offered by the resort or hotel.
Salt Glow
A combination of coarse salts and small amounts of oil applied to damp skin in massage-like strokes to hydrate and exfoliate.
Sauna
The use of dry heat, typically at less than 10% humidity and at 160-200 Fahrenheit to induce the elimination of toxins and open pores. Saunas were developed in Finland. Traditionally, the use of a sauna is followed by a cold shower, however, in Finland, people substituted a cold shower for a roll in the snow.
Scalp and Hair Treatments
While these treatments vary by facility, they are all geared to thoroughly cleanse the hair and scalp, using either natural or chemically based products.
Scotch Hose
A treatment in which an attendant directs a flow of water, of varying temperatures, towards various pressure points on the body. This treatment is useful in stimulating circulation and relieving tension.
Seaweed Wrap
Incorporation of seawater, seaweed and heat in order to revitalize and rejuvenate the skin and body. The essential nutrients, trace elements, and vitamins of the seawater and seaweed are absorbed by the blood stream.
Shiatsu
A technique of massage that originated in Japan and utilizes acupressure to improve the flow of energy.
Slenesium Body Wrap
A treatment in which the body is covered in oil and wrapped for a period of time in order to promote relaxation and eliminate toxins and excess fluids.
SPA
A term derived from the Latin phrase “solus per aqua” or health through water. Also the name of a town in Belgium where Roman legionnaires took advantage of natural mineral springs with therapeutic properties. The most modern meaning of the term “SPA” is a facility where individuals can receive a variety of treatments to promote and enhance their overall health, beauty, and well being. Types of spas include day spas, medical spas, hotel spas, destination spas, hotel spas, health spas, resort spas, and wellness spas.
Steam Room
A room that utilizes the principles of wet, hot steam to eliminate the body of toxins through sweating.
Swedish Massage
The use of massage oil or lotion to promote friction and the manipulation of pressure points and muscle groups with firm strokes, tapping motions, and vibration.
Swiss Shower
The use of a number of stationary water jets that spray water of alternating hot and cold temperatures directed towards specific pressure points.
Thai Massage
The use of acupressure and yoga techniques to perform a massage treatment that improves spinal and skeletal alignment and increase energy.
Thalassotherapy
Water therapy treatments that utilize nutrient rich seawater and its by-products. Thalasso-is from the Greek word “thalassa” which means sea.
Traeger Massage
A massage technique that incorporates gently, rhythmic shaking motions in order to release tension.
Vichy Shower
A device consisting of multiple water jets that propels water from where it is suspended over a wet table. Frequently used following treatments such as Dulce Scrub or Salt Glow.
Waxing
A method of removing hair at the roots, using either hot or cold wax. Warm wax is applied to the part of the body where hair removal is desired and, as the wax cools, is pulled away, taking the hair with it.
Whirlpool
A pool of heated water circulated by high-pressure jets to target pressure points in the body. Water temperatures are between 105-115 Fahrenheit.
Yoga
The practice of using a varying body positions, breathing techniques, and focused attention, coupled with slow motions that are designed to improve circulation, flexibility, and strength. Yoga is of Eastern origins and is a common recommendation for relieving stress.
When visiting a spa, it is likely that very few of us take time to ponder its origins. Spas found their beginnings thousands of years ago, when ancient civilizations used them for their healing properties and as an important part of their social structure. As the years progressed, so did spas, and each civilization used them in their own distinct manner.
The word spa is rooted in the Latin language and means “salus per aquam.” For those of you who are not very polished on your Latin, that means “health from water.” Incidentally, Spa is also the name of a small village in Belgium where hot mineral springs were discovered by ancient Romans and used by soldiers to treat aching muscles and wounds from battle. Romans were not the first or only ancient civilization to use social bathing, they were just the civilization the perfected it. Social bathing was used by numerous civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Minoans, and Greeks.
However, even before this mineral spring was discovered, Roman citizens bathed daily in the now famous Roman Baths. It is unclear when the Romans used the first public bath, but during the reign of Caesar Augustus from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D., there were approximately 170 baths throughout Rome. While many of these were public baths, they were primarily built as garrisons and used by the soldiers of Rome. While the Roman soldiers had used baths for decades as a way of easing the wounds of battle, by 43 A.D., the Roman public began to take on a different view of baths and bathing. At this time, citizens of Rome began to view baths as a way of providing rest, relaxation, and solace to all people, not just those weary of war. It was after this time that public interest in baths began to peak. In 70 A.D., the Romans built a spa and dedicated it, as a shrine consisting of a reservoir around the hot springs at Bath, in what is now England, a complex series of baths, and a temple, to the honor of the goddess Sulis Minerva. As the Roman Empire grew, so did the number of public baths. By the year 300 A.D., there were over 900 baths throughout the empire. The oldest Roman spa still in existence today is located in Merano, Italy, providing evidence of the idea that the Romans used natural springs in an organized manner to provide treatments.
Baths were an important part of the daily life of both Roman men and women of all social classes and the ancient Romans managed to transform it into an art. While members of the Roman upper class frequently built private baths in their home or villa, they still favored the public bathhouses that were present throughout the Roman Empire. These large public baths were known as thermae and frequently spanned several city blocks. There was a fee for using the thermae, but it was minimal and could be afforded by most free Romans. However, the fee for women to use the public baths was twice as much as the fee for men.
Roman men and women observed separate bathing times. While there were some baths that allowed mixed bathing, this practice was generally considered in poor taste and no self-respecting Roman woman would be caught bathing in the presence of men. Mixed baths were seen as a venue for prostitutes to promote their trade. Baths were typically open to women from daybreak until just after noon and for men from about 2:00 in the afternoon until sunset. Baths were rarely used in the evenings. A visit to the bath would traditionally last several hours and include exercise, bathing, and socializing. Roman baths were very social places and, in addition to a gymnasium area for exercising, the largest baths often included gardens, a library or reading room, restaurant, bar, marketplace, even museums or theatres that featured jugglers, acrobats, and recitals. Bathers moved from room to room at a leisurely pace, enjoying the company of fellow Romans and all the amenities the baths offered.
Roman baths were adorned with lavish decorations. The structures themselves were open and filled with natural light, complimented by high, vaulted ceilings. Walls were covered with mirrors and the pools were lined with the finest marble of the day. In addition, mosaics of intricate patterns were found throughout the bath. The first room entered by visitors to the baths was the dressing room or apodyterium, the predecessor of our modern day locker room. This room was filled with shelves and cabinets for visitors to store their personal belongings. The more well to do bathers would often bring a servant or two to guard their belongings from thieves that frequented the baths to prey on unprotected valuables. For those bathers who did not have servants, an attendant could be paid a small fee to watch over belongings. It is not entirely clear as to what Romans wore when they were bathing, but it is not likely that they bathed in the nude. Rather, it is thought that they wore a type of light dressing gown and sandals to protect their feet from the heated floors of the other bathing rooms.
Upon exiting the apodyterium, Roman men had their bodies oiled by slaves of the bath and began their exercise regimen. This most often consisted of activities such as weight lifting, wrestling, various types of ball games, or running. The gymnasium or exercise area was known as the palaestrae. Roman men were more likely to utilize these facilities than women, who used baths primarily for bathing and socializing.
After exercising, bathers entered the tepidarium, a room where they would prepare for their bath. The first step was to remove the oil from their body. Oil was used as a substitute for soap, which was reserved for only the very wealthy in ancient Rome, then scraped off with an implement known as a strigil, removing dirt and grime with it. Upon completing this step, bathers were ready to enter the caladarium. This room was very hot and filled with steam, created by sunken pools of hot water. Some baths also included a room that was very hot and dry, very much like our modern day saunas, called a laconicum. Visits to the hot rooms were followed by a visit to the frigidarium. As the name implies, this room was cold and served to close pores that were open from sweating in the hot rooms. This room also frequently contained either a small pool of cold water for washing away sweat or a large pool of cold water for swimming. These rooms also provided patrons with the opportunity to receive massages with perfumed oils.
Romans used a system of furnaces called a hypocaust for heating baths. The floor of the bath was raised off the ground by numerous pillars. This system was under the floor of the baths and utilized the hot air from the furnace, or praefunium, which consisted of several fires in the basement of the bath, tended by slaves. This hot air flowed through a system of wall ducts and was very efficient at heating both rooms and water. In fact, bathers had to wear sandals in order to prevent their feet from being burned. Those rooms that required the most heat, such as the caldarium or laconium, were built closer, while rooms requiring little heat, such as the frigidarium, were built the furthest from the furnace.
With the demise of the Roman Empire, so to came the demise of the Roman bath. While they were not entirely phased out of existence, those existing in the furthest outliers of the empire frequently fell to ruin. This did not mark the end of the influence of the Roman bath. The natural hot springs in Bath, England have been recognized for their therapeutic properties since their use by the Romans. This trend carried itself forth throughout history and made Bath one of the most notable ancient spa cites. At Bath, the springs generate more than one million gallons of mineral water at 120 F each day. This mineral water contains numerous elements such as magnesium, potassium, sulfur, and calcium. Even today, visitors can marvel at the ingenuity of ancient baths by viewing ruins of steam rooms and the furnace. In the 11th century, the King’s Bath was built over the ruins of the temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath. This was originally built as part of an infirmary, but by the 12th century, the magnificent healing powers of the hot springs prompted the founding of Saint John’s Hospital at the site. Henry of Huntington, one of those involved in the founding of the hospital said, “Where the hot springs…supply the warm baths which stand in the middle of the place, most delightful to see and beneficial to health…infirm people resort to it from all parts of England, for the purpose of washing themselves in these salubrious waters; and persons of health also assemble there, to see the curious bubbling up of the warm springs, and to use the baths.”
By the Elizabethan Era, the popularity of the hot springs at Bath had increased greatly and expansions were made upon already existing baths. At this time, the use of spas was becoming more widely accepted throughout Europe and by the 16th century, the Kings Bath, Cross Bath, and Hot Bath drew many visitors who were searching for cures to various illnesses and ailments. These baths were the driving force of the economy of the city of Bath and in 1574, Queen Elizabeth I visited Bath, prompting the aristocracy of England to take notice of the benefits of Bath’s natural springs. This visit led to the creation of the Queen’s Bath, built beside the King’s Bath, in 1576. In the years following, other royals, such as Charles II, James II, and Queen Anne all frequented Bath, bringing with them the English aristocracy. By the turn of the 17th century, the popularity of Bath had increased so greatly, that the city was rebuilt to accommodate its newfound economic development and success.
This growth and development continued into the 18th century. At this time, both the Hot Bath and Cross Bath were rebuilt and enlarged. In 1738, the Royal Mineral Hospital was constructed as the healing properties of Baths hot springs gained notoriety. It is interesting to note that, while Romans took care to protect their modesty, the English had no qualms about bathing in the nude with members of the opposite sex. John Wood the Elder, one of the men responsible for the creation of the Royal Mineral Hospital, wrote, “The Baths were like so many Bear Gardens, and modesty was entirely shut out of them; people of both sexes bathing by day and night naked.”
As the years passed, the development of baths and spas spread throughout and they became increasingly elaborate. Frequently, spas were built in secluded mountain towns and provided visitors with majestic mountain vistas. This practice was especially popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. At this time, it also became a practice for spas to be staffed by medical professionals who prescribed and carefully monitored the treatments provided to each visitor, perhaps a precursor to our modern-day medi-spas. The treatments of this time were not sophisticated by modern standards and consisted primarily of either soaking or drinking. These spas were tremendously successful and they grew rapidly, eventually expanding to add restaurants, casinos, and accommodations for entertainment, such as symphonies or racetracks. This opulence was enticing to European royals, who held such events as state dinners and royal weddings in these settings. In an effort to maintain their upper-class clientele, spas worked diligently to maintain treatments that were innovative. This remains the practice among spas throughout Europe, even today.
Across the ocean, in the still undiscovered “New World,” native Indians were enjoying the benefits of hot spring therapy as well. Native Americans bathed in mineral springs to enhance their physical and spiritual health. These baths played an important role in the social structure of Native American communities. It was the legends of these healing springs that drew Spanish conquistadors, such as Ponce de Leon, to the New World. In present-day New York State, the Mohawk Indians used hot springs for their healing properties. The oldest spring known to have been used by the Mohawks is the Saratoga Hot Springs, meaning “the place of the medicine waters of the great spirit” in the native dialect. By the 18th century, America was being settled and the colonists began to take notice of the healing springs of Saratoga. In 1790, the Saratoga Hot Springs began offering both spa treatments and accommodations to visitors. While it was one of the first commercial spas in the New World, it was not entirely unique. As colonists discovered new hot springs, they would build log cabins and wooden tubs for bathing near them. The waters were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties by those seeking to satisfy their scientific curiosities. From these analyses, many important theories about hydrotherapy were developed, many of which are still widely recognized today.
As America expanded westward, new mineral springs were discovered. These discoveries prompted the development of an elaborate new classification system for developing spas, based on the study of geography, geology, mineralogy, and climatology. As the therapeutic effects of mineral waters became more widely accepted across the country, medical practitioners began to adopt hydrotherapies and climatotherapies as innovative ways of treating their patients. In urban areas, free public baths were developed to improve the hygiene of underprivileged citizens.
By European standards, American spas are still in their infancy and the differences between American and European spas are manifold. Traditionally, Europeans have viewed spas as a venue for the treatment of present illnesses and the prevention of future ailments. In addition, Europeans also placed special emphasis on the importance of spas in helping visitors relax by combating the stresses of everyday life. In contrast, traditional American spas have maintained their focus on wellness, attracting individuals who are already healthy with programs in nutrition, exercise, and beauty. More recently, American spas have begun to adopt numerous new programs in areas such as meditation and spiritual communication. This is, of course, excepting specialty spas, such as medi-spas, who maintain their focus on providing alternative treatments to numerous illnesses and ailments.
As mankind has progressed, so have the spa treatments that have been used since ancient times to remedy a variety of ailments. While the origins of spas are rooted in the healing waters of natural hot springs, the focus of spas around the world, including in the United States, has shifted. Few spa patrons are drawn to spas for their healing waters. In fact, the history of spas is something that has been nearly forgotten. Advances in technology and medicine have developed new treatments that have all but replaced treatments that are more traditional. As medicine progressed, some of the faith in healing waters diminished because man-made therapies were thought to provide more powerful, immediate results. This declining interest led to decreased financial support from the federal government. Consequently, there was a period in American history when the uses of hydrotherapy declined dramatically.
The history of spas is quite rich and there is much to be learned from it. While advances in modern medicine have provided benefits beyond what even their developers likely imagined, it is quite possible that there is still much to be learned from the history of ancient healing waters.
Types of Spas
No two people visit a spa for the same reason. One person may visit to receive a relaxing massage and a facial, while another may visit for the benefits of an aromatherapy treatment or to lose unwanted pounds. Out of this vast array of interests came the need for the development of a wide variety of specialized spas to ensure that spa goers were offered the services they desired.
Why do people visit spas? Well, spas are a relaxing place to go be pampered and nurtured in surroundings that are serene and calming. Spas are a tranquil place to go to cleanse, heal, and enhance overall well being. When most people think of spas, they think of basic beauty and therapeutic treatments, such as facials and massages. However, spas are able to help us in a variety of ways that reach far beyond just beautifying and relaxing. When visiting a spa, you can talk to experts who can help you improve your fitness, improve your eating habits and learn about nutrition, maintain or lose weight, and manage the stress in your life. Spas are even places where you can commune with nature, take time for personal reflection, and meet other people with interests similar to yours. In essence, the type of spa you choose to visit should be a reflection of what your goals are. Do you want to get a facial or a massage? Do you want to improve your overall physical fitness? Alternatively, would you like to learn how to lead a healthier lifestyle? No matter what your goals are, there is a spa that can help you meet them.
Some of the most basic types of spas are the Beauty Spa, Hotel Spa, Wellness Spa, Fitness Spa, and Medical Spa. Each of these types of spas are tailored to meet the specific needs of their clients, whether those needs are to improve their customer’s self-esteem with a facial and new haircut and color, or to improve their customer’s physical health through a series of alternative medical treatments.
Beauty Spas offer both spa and salon services to patrons all in one convenient location. When one thinks of a Beauty Spa, images of Day Spas often come to mind. One defining characteristic of this type of spa is that its facilities do not include overnight accommodations for patrons. These spas offer a full range of beauty and relaxation treatments to their patrons. These treatments may last anywhere from 30 minutes to an entire day. In 1996, Entrepreneur Magazine voted Day Spas one of the year’s hottest businesses, due to the fact that they represented the most rapidly growing segment of the spa industry over the previous years. Many Day Spas are the product of “upgrades” by owners of salons who decide to begin offering spa services to clients in addition to the traditional salon services. Because of the wide range of services they offer and the flexibility that comes with being able to receive a spa treatment in as little as 30 minutes, Day Spas are appealing to all types of people.
As the name implies, Hotel Spas are spas that are situated within a hotel. This type of spa has become increasingly popular and there are numerous Hotel Spas in various locations throughout the world. Hotel Spas are often desirable because they provide a relaxing retreat for people wishing to escape their hectic every day schedules. Hotel Spas are much larger in size than Day Spas and offer their guests overnight accommodations. Hotel Spas also offer a wide array of treatments and guests are able to participate in a number of additional activities depending on the location of the spa. For example, a Hotel Spa in the mountains may offer skiing, snowboarding, or snowshoeing outings to its patrons while a Hotel Spa on the ocean may offer its patrons scuba diving or snorkeling activities. Hotel Spas also frequently feature aerobic and fitness facilities and restaurants. Like any other type of spa, Hotel Spas offer their own unique menu of treatments and the decision of which Hotel Spa to visit should be based on individual goals.
Fitness Spas are the result of the melding of spas and fitness clubs into one location. Each of these components maintains its own separate goals. The goal of any fitness club is to encourage people to maintain and enhance their physical health. The goal of any spa is to help people learn to relax and feel better about themselves. Despite these differences, each component maintains a similar underlying goal: to provide visitors with a rewarding experience that will benefit them even after they leave the facility. Creating an environment that promotes the goals of each facility is a very difficult task. Therefore, many Fitness Spas are a health club-day spa combination. The health club portion offers patrons all the services of a traditional health club while the spa portion offers patrons traditional spa and salon services. This melding of spas and fitness clubs may appear to some people to be a kinder, gentler way of getting and staying in shape while providing the perfect way to unwind after a workout. This is a large part of the appeal of Fitness spas.
Wellness Spas maintain a focus on increasing and maintaining the overall wellness of their visitors. This is accomplished through a number of classes and activities where visitors learn how to live a healthy lifestyle. Individuals who suffer from heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure or cholesterol, cancer, arthritis, are overweight, over stressed, or even individuals who want to quit smoking can benefit from a visit to a Wellness Spa. What makes Wellness Spas so unique is the way in which they utilize a staff of medical experts to combine highly specialized treatments to improve visitors’ health in an environment where they can also receive beauty treatments, improving their well being both inside and out.
Medical Spas are a type of spa that offers treatments that are alternative medicine therapies. Medical Spas are staffed by doctors and other medical professionals who are committed to improving wellness through the use of alternative medical therapies. Medical Spas and the use of alternative medical therapies have been increasing in popularity in the past decade. In 1997, 4 out of 10 Americans reported using alternative medical therapies and from 1990 to 1997, the total number of visits to alternative medical facilities increased by 47 percent from 427 million to 629 million. This number exceeds the number of visits to traditional medical practitioners during the same time period. In the years 2002-2006 the medical spa arena is projected to experience a growth rate of 40%. Treatments at Medical Spas include such things as herbal therapies, chiropractic therapy, self-help imagery, hypnosis, homeopathy, biofeedback, acupuncture, and energy healing. Medical Spas are also becoming very popular as adjuncts to plastic surgery, chiropractic, dermatology and anti-aging physician’s existing medical practices.
What to Expect
What you should expect from a spa: As spas are springing up on every corner, the flavor of each facility is unique from its furnishings to its treatment options. Some aspects of the spa experience, however, should remain consistent to ensure the safety and comfort of the spa client.
Sanitation Considerations
Clean, unused linens and spa wear
Sanitized, clean, uncluttered working surfaces
Sealed containers for implements like cotton balls and facial pads
Professional products that are single use or that have been taken from a larger container without making contact with an unsanitary or sterile surface.
For any tool or implement breaking the surface of the skin a disposable tool is recommended.
Implements must be cleaned with a hospital grade disinfectant, sanitized by a UV light or similar piece of equipment or sterilized through an autoclave.
Technicians must have freshly washed and dried hands or have surgical gloves on during spa treatments.
Waste recepticals and laundry bins must be sealed and covered.
Tools and products must be clearly labeled and safely stored.
Technician Training and Licensing
At any point before or after receiving a spa treatment or hair service, it is perfectly reasonable and appropriate to discuss the attending technician’s qualifications and licensing. In fact, the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists governs estheticians and cosmetologists on a state-by-state basis and require that licenses be prominently displayed at each technician’s primary work station or at the reception area of the facility. Massage therapists are licensed by each city, although there are national certification associations that grant specific accreditations to therapists based on educational credentials, practical experience and standardized testing. The expertise of a therapist may be determined based on the number of hours that technician participated in basic schooling to be licensed, the number of total years in practice, and the types and amount of continuing education enjoyed since trade school graduation. To check an individual’s licensing status, you can call your state’s Board of Barber’s and Cosmetology to verify that person’s licensure status.
Spa Etiquette
As a guest at a spa facility you should expect to receive services as they are described in any promotional or informational materials in a timely fashion. Furthermore, you should expect to be given services in a safe and clean environment that respects your privacy. Professional standards of behavior should be maintained at all times by the attending therapists and staff. You should expect that the staff will be educated and experienced sufficiently to answer your personal care and medical-related questions as well as advise appropriate treatments for your specific needs and home care recommendations.
Also as a guest you are expected to give at least 24 hours notice of cancellation for services and arrive for your services 5-10 minutes before your appointment time. To serve you effectively and safely, most spas will require that you fill out a medical evaluation form designed to target any concerns for contraindicated treatments for you while you are enjoying services at the facility. It is your responsibility and in your best interest to fill this form out as accurately as possible. Dress and conduct specifications will be indicated on informational materials if there are any specific rules that you need to be informed of before your visit. In most spa settings spa wear and the necessary items for enjoying your visit at the spa will all be provided by the spa. If you are particularly modest and would like to have clothing on at all times you may want to enquire as to bringing your swimming suit. Furthermore, some spas do not offer post treatment hair and make up touch ups, so again, ask about locker room facilities and bringing your own tools. It is always advised that jewelry and valuables be left at home when planning a visit to the spa.
Spa Glossary
Ablutions
A washing or cleansing routine that is commonly performed as part of a religious ceremony.
Acupressure
A technique of Oriental origins that involves the application of pressure to specific points on the body, known as pressure points, in an attempt to improve the flow of energy throughout the body and release tension.
Acupuncture
A relatively painless Oriental technique that involves the insertion of fine needles at specific points throughout the body, corresponding to various internal organs, in order to promote balance and healing.
Acute Disorder
A short, severe aliment that has dramatic effects the function of the mind and/or body.
Aesthetic
Something that is pleasing in appearance.
Affirmation
A technique used to overcome a variety of ailments, from physical to mental to emotional. The technique is very similar to visualization in that it involves focusing on positive thoughts and repeating positive statements.
Alexander Technique
A massage technique developed in the 1890s by F.M. Alexander to correct postures and movements that are imbalanced and lead to bodily stress.
Algotherapy
A type of thalassotherapy that involves the application of thin, heated layers of seaweed to the skin. It may also be desirable to include the use of infrared lamps to maintain a constant temperature. This is primarily used to reduce pain and inflammation.
Alternative Therapies
Treatments that are considered “non-traditional” by the standards of Western medicine, such as acupressure, acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy.
Aquatic Rehabilitation
The use of aquatic therapies to restore health.
Aromatherapy
An ancient practice involving the use of essential oils to promote healing through the stimulation of olfactory nerves and the subsequent mental, circulatory, and respiratory responses to the scents. The essential oils used in aromatherapy treatments are typically derived from plants, plant roots, flowers, and seeds. Aromatherapy may be incorporated into a number of treatments, such as facials, massages, or water therapies. The use of aromatherapy dates back to nearly 4000 B.C.
Athletic Massage
A deeply penetrating massage that concentrates on all muscle groups, particularly those used in sports activities. May be tailored to meet the needs of individual athletes. Also called Sports Massage.
Attunement
To bring the entire being, mind, body, and spirit, into harmony.
Ayurveda
A philosophy and practice of balancing the internal and external self based on Eastern Indian principles of using herbal and hot oil treatments in conjunction with meditation, nutrition, and aromatherapy.
Bad
German word for bath.
Baden
German word for bathing.
Baden-Baden
A town in Germany known for ancient spas.
Baden by Wien
A town in Austria known for ancient spas.
Balneotherapy
Various hydrotherapies that utilize minerals, salts, or purified water, or any combination of the three, to treat a numerous variety of ailments.
Basti
An herbal purification treatment based on Ayurvedic principles.
Baths
Soaking all or parts of the body in water of varying temperatures either with or without treatments, such as herbs or essentials, added to the water.
Bindi
An Ayurvedic treatment involving exfoliation, essential oils, and massage.
Body Alignment
Developed as a result of Rolfing, a system that involves an in-depth structural analysis of the body that allows therapists to develop a strengthening and exercise program personalized to each individual.
Body Sugaring
A method of hair removal, used by Cleopatra, in which a sugar paste is massaged onto the area where hair is to be removed and then pulled away, taking the hair with it.
Body Wraps
Also known as “Herbal Wraps.” A treatment in which linen cloth, soaked in herbs, are tightly wrapped around the body.
Boreh
A cleansing and exfoliating treatment that improves circulation through the use of herbs, seeds, grains, specific essential oils, and grated carrots. This is not recommended for pregnant women.
Brine Baths
Baths involving either sea water or water containing large amounts of salt.
Bromine/Iodine Baths
A type of bath involving bromine, a reddish-brown element with an irritating vapor, combined with a mixture of liquid iodine and ethyl alcohol. This is used as an antiseptic treatment for the skin.
Brossage
A body polishing treatment where salicylic salt is applied with a series of brushes.
Brush and Tone
A method of removing dead skin cells and improving circulation with a dry brush. The brushing is followed by a moisturizing treatment to hydrate skin. Is often used in preparation for other treatments.
Cathiodermie
Stimulation of the facial muscles using low-voltage electrical currents.
Cell Therapy
An experimental procedure involving the injection of embryonic lamb cells to promote cellular regeneration and reversal of the aging process. This therapy has not yet earned FDA approval and is not legal in the United States.
Chakra
An Ayurvedic term referring to energy centers. By Ayurvedic principles, there are seven chakras in the body running from the base of the skull to the bottom of the spine. When all seven chakras are balanced, physical, mental, and spiritual aspects are in harmony. This harmony creates an overall state of well being. Crystal stones and color therapy, along with yoga and meditation are all thought to balance chakras.
Chronic Disorders
Ailments lasting a long period of time. The ailment may be present either consistently or intermittently.
Clinical Esthetician
A technician who has received specialized training in skin care and commonly treat skin conditions in a medical environment. Treatments may or may not be performed in the presence of a physician.
Club Spa
A spa that maintains a focus on fitness but also offers a variety of traditional spa treatments.
Complementary Medicine
Medical therapies that are usually seen as “alternative” or “non-traditional,” such as herbal therapies, aromatherapy, and massage therapy. These are commonly used in conjunction with more traditional forms of medical therapies to aid in their efficacy.
Cold Plunge
The use of a deep pool of cold water to rapidly contract the capillaries that was originally developed to stimulate circulation after the use of a sauna.
Craniosacral Therapy
A form of massage therapy that focuses specifically on the areas of the head and neck.
Crenotherapy
Any type of treatment that involves the use of mineral water, mud, or vapor.
Day Spa
A spa where clients may receive a variety of spa and salon treatments but does not provide overnight accommodations.
Dead Sea Mud Treatment
A type of mud treatment involving nutrient rich mud from the Dead Sea. These treatment are widely regarded for their ability to detoxify and exfoliate.
Deep-Cleansing Facial
Facials that involve the use of either machines or manual techniques to open pores and eliminate blackheads.
Deep Tissue Muscle Massage
A massage therapy technique that involves the manipulation of the fascia in a loosening manner in order to aid in realignment. Variations of this technique are also known as Rolfing or Reichian. Some people do not enjoy this type of treatment, as it may be uncomfortable, even painful.
Dermatology
The branch of medicine dealing with the structure, function, and disorders of the skin.
Destination Spa
A spa providing services geared to bring about improvements in the health and lifestyle of its guests. On-site accommodations are a part of destination spas.
Detoxification
A process that refers to the elimination of toxins from the body.
Dulse Scrub
A vigorous exfoliation technique that utilizes powdered dulse seaweed combined with essential oils or water. In addition to exfoliating, dulse scrubs replenish lost minerals and vitamins to the skin. This treatment is particularly well suited for exfoliating sensitive skin.
Duo Massage
Massage therapy performed by two massage therapists simultaneously.
Eastern Medicine
Medical practices that are based on Eastern philosophies and provide a holistic approach to health and well being.
Electrotherapy
Therapeutic treatments that utilize low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate muscles, reduce cellulite and supplement weight loss programs.
Endermologie
A technique developed in France that is widely regarded for its ability to reduce the appearance of cellulite. Traditionally, this treatment is performed by a trained esthetician.
Effleurage
A massage technique that involves the use of long, quick strokes and is traditionally used towards the end of the treatment.
Electro-Acupuncture
Acupuncture performed through the use of a pencil-like instrument that generates a gentle current.
Electrotherapy
Treatments that involve the use of low-voltage electric currents to eliminate cellulite, restore muscle tone, and aid weight loss programs. Includes such therapies as galvanionization, and ultrasound.
Esalen Massage
A type of massage that combines the techniques of Swedish and sensory relaxation massage to release muscle tension and harmonize the body.
Essential Oils
Oils extracted from plants, fruits, flowers, grasses, leaves, and roots for their aromatic, medicinal, and therapeutic properties.
Esthetician
Technician with specialized training in skin care who performs treatments, such as facials, in a spa or salon environment.
Exfoliation
The removal of the top most layer of dead skin cells to reveal healthier skin and improve circulation. Exfoliation is achieved by a variety of techniques, such as loofah scrubs, salt scrubs, salt glow, and brush and tone.
Facial
A treatment that focuses on the facial area and typically involves a facial massage, cleansing, exfoliating, toning, and moisturizing. Facials can be tailored to meet the specific needs of the person receiving the facial.
Fango Therapy
Therapies that utilize various types of mineral- and nutrient-rich mud to cleanse the body of toxins and promote exfoliation. Fango comes from the Italian word for mud.
Flotation Tank
A large, salt water-filled tank where client soak. Flotation tanks are usually placed in a dark or dimmed room to alleviate stress and help clients relax. This therapy may also be combined with other treatments, such as music or aromatherapy.
Flower Remedies
A form of therapy involving the use of different flowers that correspond with different moods or mental states.
Glyco-Peeling
A treatment involving alpha-hydroxyl acids from fruits that is commonly used to treat age spots and lines, control acne, and improve the overall appearance and texture of the complexion.
Gommage
The application of different types of creams to either the face or body in order to cleanse and moisturize the skin. Creams are applied to the body in long, massage-like strokes and to the face in short, quick strokes.
Hellerwork
A treatment named for its founder, Joseph Heller, that involves a series of 11 sessions of deep tissue bodywork performed to realign the body and relieve stress and tension. In addition to being a physical treatment, Hellerwork is also a mental treatment that involves dialogues to help clients recognize their emotional stress.
Hamam
Term used for a Turkish or Middle Eastern bathhouse.
Henna or Mendhi
A Middle Eastern (Henna) or Indian/Pakistani (Mendhi) term for body art created by mixing henna/mendhi with liquid and painting the body in ornate patterns. Henna is also a common ingredient in hair colors.
Herbal Wrap
A treatment typically lasting 30 to 40 minutes in which linen sheets are soaked in herbs and wrapped tightly around the client’s body. Once the linen sheets have been wrapped, they are covered with a blanket and cold compresses are applied to the client’s forehead to keep them comfortable. This treatment is commonly used to stimulate circulation, detoxify, and relax. Since the treatment elevates body temperatures, thus heart rate and blood pressure, it is not recommended for people with heart conditions or high blood pressure.
Herbalism
An alternative therapy for using plants and plant extracts to treat conditions that are not life threatening. Sometimes referred to as “folk remedies.”
Holistic Medicine/Health
A theory that well being is a result of harmony between all elements of our environment, our physical health, our spiritual self, and our emotions. This is rooted in many areas, such as herbalism, Eastern disciplines, and meditation. Holistic Medicine includes therapies such as acupuncture, chelation therapy, clinical ecology, and nutritional therapy.
Holistic Spa
A spa that maintains a focus on holistic practices.
Homeopathy
A form of treatment involving patients being exposed to small doses of natural substances that induce symptoms similar to those of the condition being treated.
Hot Plunge
A deep pool of hot water used to rapidly expand capillaries.
Hydrotherapy
Like balneotherapy, hydrotherapy treatments involve the use of fresh water, particularly from a spring or other natural source.
Inhalation Therapy
The inhalation of steam vapor that has been fused with herbs with medicinal properties. Traditionally used to treat pulmonary or respiratory ailments.
Iodine-Brine Therapy
Baths that involve the use of minerals, particularly salt and iodine, to treat a variety of ailments. Most commonly used in Europe.
Ionization
A thalassotherapy treatment involving ionized seawater that is either inhaled or sprayed. Traditionally used to treat upper respiratory ailments.
Jacuzzi
A type of bath in which water is circulated by underwater jets.
Japanese Enzyme Bath
Bathing in a wooden tub filled with fibrous material that has fermented and, as a result of the fermentation process, become naturally heated. Once immersed in the substance, individuals sweat out toxins. This treatment should last no longer than 60 minutes.
Japanese Facial
The stimulation of acupressure points by lifting and toning the skin of the face and scalp. Believed to maintain a youthful appearance through repeated treatments.
Jin Shin Do®
A form of massage that is designed to balance the body’s energy.
Kneipp Baths
Baths involving waters infused with herbs and minerals, such as eucalyptus, lavender, rosemary, or chamomile, that were created in Germany by Father Sebastian Kneipp in the mid-1800s. Traditionally, Kneipp baths are used in conjunction with nutrition and exercise programs.
Kur
German word meaning “cure.” In Europe, “Kur” has traditionally referred to therapeutic drinking treatments. Sometimes these treatments are closely related to Kneipp Baths because the drinking treatments may consist of water infused with herbs and minerals similar to those used in the Kneipp Baths.
Lomi-Lomi
A Hawaiian form of massage that involves rhythmic, rocking motions.
Loofah
A plant that, when dried, is particularly useful in sloughing off dead skin cells.
Loofah Scrub
A method of exfoliation that utilizes friction caused by using the dried loofah plant in conjunction with the use of a salt scrub or oil mixture.
Lymphatic Drainage
Massage therapy treatment that encourages the elimination of toxins from hidden pockets in the body by stimulating the body’s natural lymphatic circulation, either through manual massage or hydrotherapy massage. This treatment should only be performed by therapists who are thoroughly trained in the technique in order to maximize effectiveness and eliminate negative effects.
Manicure
A treatment that focuses on the fingernails and typically includes a cuticle treatment, shaping, buffing, and polishing.
Marine Hydrotherapy
The use of water jets to propel seawater in a massaging manner to stimulate circulation and alleviate pain or inflammation. Marine therapy is a form of thalassotherapy.
Massercise
A technique for eliminating cellulite that involves the application of a thermal mask in conjunction with massage.
Massage Therapy
A technique that relaxes muscles, improves circulation, and stretches connective tissue through the manipulation of muscles, skin, and joints.
Medical Esthetician
Technician trained in skin care techniques who works in a medical environment in the presence of a physician. Medical estheticians commonly work with pre-and post-operative patients.
Medical Spa
A spa that offers traditional spa services, but is also staffed by trained medical and spa professionals who provide both medical and wellness therapies to guests.
Meditation
The practice of clearing the mind of all thoughts and concentrating on breathing in order to relax and take time for inner-reflection, connect with oneself, and create balance.
Mineral Springs Spa
A spa that contains an on-site, natural mineral spring which is incorporated into many of its treatments.
Mineral Water Bath
A bath in which either all or part of the body is submerged in water from thermal springs. The water may be of varying temperature and is rich in natural minerals and elements. In order to be classified as “mineral waters,” water must contain at least 1,000 micrograms/liter of minerals or elements.
Moor Peat Bath
A type of bath involving nutrient-rich organic material widely renown for its detoxifying properties and ability to alleviate pain and stiffness.
Oxygen Facial
The application of nutrients, such as oxygen, to the face, either topically or through a spray. Oxygen facials are recognized for their ability to rejuvenate collagen levels and prevent premature aging.
Oxygenate
The use of pure oxygen to cleanse and rejuvenate the skin as part of an anti-aging treatment.
Parafango
The use of paraffin wax and fango to exfoliate and detoxify.
Paraffin
A type of heated wax containing moisturizers, such as essential oils.
Paraffin Treatment
A treatment in which the body or parts of the body are covered in warm paraffin wax. As the wax hardens, it forms a “vacuum” that draws dirt from the pores and removes dead skin cells.
Pedicure
A treatment that focuses on toenails and typically consists of a foot soak, removing calluses and dead skin by means of a pumice stone or special razor, foot and/or leg massage, shaping, and polishing.
Phytotherapy
The use of plants, such as herbs or seaweed, and their essential oils either through massage, body wraps, steam therapies, inhalation therapies, or drinking.
Reflexology
A therapy that focuses on specific reflex points in the feet that correspond with specific internal organs in order to aid the travel of energy through the body. This therapy was widely used in Ancient Egypt, China, and India.
Repaichage Massage/Facial
A face or body treatment that involving the use of a variety of herbs and/or seaweed combined with either clay or mud and applied to desired areas for deep cleansing and moisturizing.
Resort/Hotel Spa
A spa located within a resort or hotel that provides traditional spa services in addition to all of the amenities offered by the resort or hotel.
Salt Glow
A combination of coarse salts and small amounts of oil applied to damp skin in massage-like strokes to hydrate and exfoliate.
Sauna
The use of dry heat, typically at less than 10% humidity and at 160-200 Fahrenheit to induce the elimination of toxins and open pores. Saunas were developed in Finland. Traditionally, the use of a sauna is followed by a cold shower, however, in Finland, people substituted a cold shower for a roll in the snow.
Scalp and Hair Treatments
While these treatments vary by facility, they are all geared to thoroughly cleanse the hair and scalp, using either natural or chemically based products.
Scotch Hose
A treatment in which an attendant directs a flow of water, of varying temperatures, towards various pressure points on the body. This treatment is useful in stimulating circulation and relieving tension.
Seaweed Wrap
Incorporation of seawater, seaweed and heat in order to revitalize and rejuvenate the skin and body. The essential nutrients, trace elements, and vitamins of the seawater and seaweed are absorbed by the blood stream.
Shiatsu
A technique of massage that originated in Japan and utilizes acupressure to improve the flow of energy.
Slenesium Body Wrap
A treatment in which the body is covered in oil and wrapped for a period of time in order to promote relaxation and eliminate toxins and excess fluids.
SPA
A term derived from the Latin phrase “solus per aqua” or health through water. Also the name of a town in Belgium where Roman legionnaires took advantage of natural mineral springs with therapeutic properties. The most modern meaning of the term “SPA” is a facility where individuals can receive a variety of treatments to promote and enhance their overall health, beauty, and well being. Types of spas include day spas, medical spas, hotel spas, destination spas, hotel spas, health spas, resort spas, and wellness spas.
Steam Room
A room that utilizes the principles of wet, hot steam to eliminate the body of toxins through sweating.
Swedish Massage
The use of massage oil or lotion to promote friction and the manipulation of pressure points and muscle groups with firm strokes, tapping motions, and vibration.
Swiss Shower
The use of a number of stationary water jets that spray water of alternating hot and cold temperatures directed towards specific pressure points.
Thai Massage
The use of acupressure and yoga techniques to perform a massage treatment that improves spinal and skeletal alignment and increase energy.
Thalassotherapy
Water therapy treatments that utilize nutrient rich seawater and its by-products. Thalasso-is from the Greek word “thalassa” which means sea.
Traeger Massage
A massage technique that incorporates gently, rhythmic shaking motions in order to release tension.
Vichy Shower
A device consisting of multiple water jets that propels water from where it is suspended over a wet table. Frequently used following treatments such as Dulce Scrub or Salt Glow.
Waxing
A method of removing hair at the roots, using either hot or cold wax. Warm wax is applied to the part of the body where hair removal is desired and, as the wax cools, is pulled away, taking the hair with it.
Whirlpool
A pool of heated water circulated by high-pressure jets to target pressure points in the body. Water temperatures are between 105-115 Fahrenheit.
Yoga
The practice of using a varying body positions, breathing techniques, and focused attention, coupled with slow motions that are designed to improve circulation, flexibility, and strength. Yoga is of Eastern origins and is a common recommendation for relieving stress.
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