The parameter q defined by
where a is the expansion parameter,G is the gravitational constant,
is the density P is the pressure,c is the speed of light,H is the Hubble constant,
is the critical density, and
For a matter-dominated universe,
so
For a radiation dominated universe,
so
(1)
(2)
(3)
where a is the expansion parameter,G is the gravitational constant,
is the density P is the pressure,c is the speed of light,H is the Hubble constant, is the critical density, and (4)
For a matter-dominated universe,
(5)
so
(6)
For a radiation dominated universe,
(7)
so
(8)
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