A cosmological model that assumes the perfect cosmological principle,so that the Hubble constant H is truly a constant not only in all directions, but at all time. The experimental objection to this theory (besides the continuous creation of matter) is the cosmic background radiation.
The rate of expansion in the Bondi-Gold steady state model is given by
(Weinberg 1972, p. 459), where
is the "radius" of the universe as a function of time, giving
so the volume of the universe as a function of time is given by
In this model, the deceleration parameter becomes
(Weinberg 1972, p. 459).
Denote the mass density of the universe by n, then
Therefore, in order to keep a constant density, mass must be produced at a rate of
per unit volume.
The average age is
Using
then gives
The rate of expansion in the Bondi-Gold steady state model is given by
(1)
(Weinberg 1972, p. 459), where
is the "radius" of the universe as a function of time, giving(2)
so the volume of the universe as a function of time is given by
(3)
In this model, the deceleration parameter becomes
(4)
(Weinberg 1972, p. 459).
Denote the mass density of the universe by n, then
(5)
Therefore, in order to keep a constant density, mass must be produced at a rate of
(6)
per unit volume.
The average age is
(7)
(8)
(9)
Using
(10)
then gives
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